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Biology 1510 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell

A

there are 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

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2
Q

dna makes up…

A

chromatin which makes up chromosomes

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3
Q

chromatin

A

composed of dna and histones that are packaged into thin stringy fibers; it undergoes further condensation to form chromosome

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4
Q

chromosome changes are associated with

A

dna replication and gene expression

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5
Q

(review) gene expression

A

when heritable information within a gene, the sequence of dna bas pairs, is made into a functional gene product, such as protein or rna

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6
Q

histone

A

helps to package the dna in a compact form to fit within the cell nucleus

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7
Q

maternal chromosome ten and paternal chromosome ten are what kinds of chromosomes

A

Homologous

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8
Q

Homologous

A

same gene (but different versions- example eye gene but maternal can be blue and paternal can be green) , same length, and ..

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9
Q

kinetechore

A

protein complex to which microtubules that separate chromosomes during cell division

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10
Q

centromeres

A

needed for proper segregation of chromosomes; microtubule spindle fibers connect to the centromeres via kinetechores; separate each chromosome into p (top of chromosome) and q (bottom of chromosomes)

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11
Q

telomeres

A

repetitive, non-coding dna sequencing that are found at both ends of a eukaryotic chromosomes; they protect the ends of chromosomes from fusions with each other, degradation, and nucleases

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12
Q

nucleases

A

enzymes that break down dna chromosomes

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13
Q

the human karotype

A

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of the organism/species

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14
Q

when are chromosomes considered indistinguishable from one another

A

when they are loosely packed because they resemble threads

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15
Q

how many chromosomes are non-sex determining chromosomes?

A

1-44 or 1-22 do not determine the gender of the organism

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16
Q

sex determining chromosomes?

A

23 or 45-46

17
Q

in what way do the sex determining chromosomes differ from each other

A

male –> XY female –> XX

18
Q

how many genes does the female x chromosome have? male y chromosome?

A

x has 2000 genes while y has 78

19
Q

what are the majority of the genes found on the y chromosome needed for ?

A

proper development and sex determination

20
Q

germ cell has how many chromosomes

A

23

21
Q

cause of down syndrome

A

47 chromosomes; instead 2 copies of of chromosomes 21 they have 3

22
Q

kerotype analysis

A

allows us to determine the gender of the organism, abnormal vs normal, # of chromosome and size of them

23
Q

euchromatin vs heterochromatin

A

euchromatin is non dividing cell and consists of loosely packed dna threads and tightly packed dna threads and is found between the centromeres and telomeres-due to looseness of dna strands dna is expressed and used to make protein; heterochromatin is found in both dividing and non dividing cell; in dividing cell it encompasses the entire chromosome whereas in non dividing cells it is found at the telomeres and centromeres of the chromosomes; here dna is tightly packed.

24
Q

a histone consists of

A

8 core histans: h2a. h2b, h3, h4, 2h2a, 2h2b, 2h3, 2h4

25
Q

nucleosome

A

complex of 8 core histones and dna wrapped aroud them

26
Q

Cell Cycle: G0

A

(only in some cells): not dividing/phase where our mature muscle cells stay permanently –> liver cells spend 6 months in this phase until a signal is received

27
Q

G1 (presynthetic gap)

A

cell cycle begins; phase in which it cell grows but not divides; it creates organelles for energy while increasing their size.

28
Q

S phase (synthesis)

A

the cell replicates its genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies (afterwards consists of two identical chromatids that are bound together by a specialized region known as the centromere

29
Q

in the synthesis phase of mitosis how does the number of the chromosomes change

A

the overall number of sets of chromosomes doesn’t change even though the number of chromatid double

30
Q

G2 post-synthetic gap

A

passes through another quality control checkpoint

31
Q

m stage (mitosis): prophase

A

involved the condensation of the chromatin into chromosomes; the centriole pairs located within the centrosomes outside of the nucleus separate and move to the opposite poles of the cell to begin forming spindle fibers

32
Q

what are spindle fibers made of

A

microtubules

33
Q

in prophase what is the centrosome established as

A

one of two microtubule organizing centers

Biology 1510 (13 decks)

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