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Biology 1510 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the four basic macromolecules

A

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

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2
Q

what are the main functional groups

A

Hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino group, sulfyhydryl, phosphate, methyl

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3
Q

what is the structure of hydroxyl and where is it found

A

OH group and usually found in lipids, amino acids, carbs, and proteins

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4
Q

what is the structure of a Carbonyl group and where is it found

A

C double bounded to O; found in carbs

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5
Q

what is the structure of a carboxyl group and where is it found

A

it is C double bonded to O and single bonded to OH; it is found in lipids and proteins

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6
Q

how does a carboxyl group function

A

it functions as an acid by donating H ions to a solution (becomes COO-)

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7
Q

what is the structure of an amino group

A

N bounded to two H’s ; it is found in nucleic acids and proteins

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8
Q

how does an amino group function

A

it functions as a base by removing H ions from a solution; becomes NH3

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9
Q

what is the structure of a sulfyhydryl group and where are they located

A

it is S single bonded to an H molecule and it is located in proteins

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10
Q

when does a disulfide bridge form

A

when the S of one sulfyhyrdyl group and the S of another sulfyhydryl group bond together to form a non-polar covalent bonds

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11
Q

what does a phosphate group look like and where is it located

A

three O atoms single bonded to a phosphorus group and an oxygen double bonded to the same phosphorus group; found in nucleic acid

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12
Q

what is the structure of a methyl group and where is it located

A

it is a single carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms and it is found in proteins

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13
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

monosaccharides or simple sugars

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14
Q

what are the 6 basic monosaccharides

A

glyceraldehyde, ribose, deoxyribose, flucose, fructose, and galactose

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15
Q

how do different disaccharides and polysaccharides form

A

by combining many different monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis

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16
Q

what is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

A

dehydration synthesis is where a water molecules is removed, covalent bonds are formed, and a larger molecules is made from a smaller one where as hydrolysis is where a water molecule is added, a covalent bond is broken, and a smaller molecule is made from a smaller one

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17
Q

what is the bond that forms between disaccharides/polysaccharides

A

glycosidic bonds

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18
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose (table sugar)

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19
Q

maltose

A

glucose + glucose (grains)

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20
Q

lactose

A

glucose + galactose (milk sugar)

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21
Q

what are three important polysaccharides that provide energy and which are branched? which are unbranched

A

amylose(unbranched), amylopectin (slightly branched), and glycogen (highly branched)

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22
Q

what are amylose and amylopectin classified under

A

starches

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23
Q

what does it mean for a polysaccharide to be branched or unbranched

A

if its branched it means its able to be broken down and digested if its unbranched it is unable to be digested

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24
Q

what is the function of starches and glycogen? how are they similar and how are they different

A

the functions of starches and glycogen is to both store energy; however starches store energy in plants and glycogen stores energy in animals in the liver and skeletal muscle cells

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25
Q

what happens to glucose levels when we fast/exercise

A

glucose levels go down, glycogen gets broken down to many glucose molecules, the molecules get delivered to organs

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26
Q

what are the two polysaccharides that are known as the tough polysaccharides

A

chitin and cellulose

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27
Q

what is the function of chitin

A

provides structural support in the exoskeleton of animals (arthropods) and fungi

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28
Q

what are arthropods

A

lobsters, shrimps, etc.

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29
Q

what is the function of cellulose

A

structural component of plant cell walls

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30
Q

can we digest cellulose? why or why not?

A

we cant digest cellulose because we dont have the necessary enzymes for it so instead it gets stored as fiber

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31
Q

what are proteins made of ?

A

the building blocks of proteins are amino acids

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32
Q

what happens when amino acids come together

A

when two come together they form a dipeptide bond and when many amino acids come together they form a polypeptide chain

33
Q

what is the bond that forms between amino acids

A

peptide bond that is polar covalent

34
Q

can the polypeptide chain count in proteins vary between different proteins

A

yes some proteins can have one polypeptide chain while other can have more than one

35
Q

myoglobin vs. hemoglobin

A

myoglobin is made from one polypeptide chain and receives oxygen from the red blood cells and transports it to the mitochondria of muscle cells (intracellular storage site); it is only found in muscle tissue. Hemoglobin on the other hand is made of many pp chains and transports oxygen to other organs from our lungs and is found all over our body.

36
Q

what are the four different proteins structures and how doo they

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quatenary

37
Q

primary proteins structure

A

sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds that folds into a pleated sheet or a helix (not functional)

38
Q

secondary protein structure

A

forms from peptide and H bonds (non functional); folds into beta pleated sheets or an alpha helix

39
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

overall 3D shape of a polypeptide, there are many interactions between R groups of different amino acids (functional); several alpha helix and beta sheets come together

40
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains in space; functional

41
Q

what are bonds that make polypeptides unfold in order of weakest to strongest

A

van der waals attraction (weak attraction between atoms at a very short distance from each other due to fluctuating charges), hydrophobic exclusion (when non polar R groups exclude themselves from H2) by staying together), Hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, disulfide bonds (covalent).

42
Q

what are the importance of chaperones

A

they are heat shock proteins produced during exposure to elevated temperatures or high levels of stress that help to fold proteins correctly

43
Q

what are the two most important nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

44
Q

what are the building blocks of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotide

45
Q

nucleotides join together to form what

A

2 nucelotides form a dinucleotide, many nucleotides for m a polynucelotide (DNA and RNA

46
Q

what are the four different DNA nucleotides

A

there is an H group on the ribose instead of an OH and consist of the nucleotides dAMP, dGMP, dCMP, dTMP

47
Q

how can we differentiate between the four different DNA nucleotides

A 
dAMP = no carbonyl group 
dGMP = carbonyl group where O is 
dTMP = methyl group
48
Q

what are the four different RNA nucleotides

A

OH is bonded at the end of the ribose where another OH is; AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP

49
Q

how can we differentiate between the different RNA nucs

A 
GMP = carbonyl group
UMP = two carbonyl groups 
CMP = (NH2 on top and no NH)
50
Q

what is the most important nucleotide

A

ATP (energy)

51
Q

what are the purine nitrogenous bases and what does it mean to be a purine

A

adenine and guanine; two rings

52
Q

what are the pyrimadine nitrogenous bases and what does it mean to be pyrimadine

A

cytosine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA)

53
Q

what is the structure of an amino acid

A

R group, C terminus (carboxyl), Hydrogen atom, and the N terminus (amino group)

54
Q

what does the R group determine

A

chemical properties

55
Q

what are the three special amino acids and why

A

proline- causes polypeptide to bend
methionine- 1st amino acid used to make protein
and cysteine -forms disulfide bonds

56
Q

what are the two types of non polar amino acids

A

non aromatic and aromatic

57
Q

what does it mean to be non aromatic and which amino acids are classified under that type

A

non aromatic does not have a bended carbon ring and these are alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, glycine, proline, methionine

58
Q

which are classified under aromatic amino acids

A

phenylalanine and tryptophan

59
Q

what are the polar amino acids

A

serine, asparagine, thereonine, glutamine, tyrosine, cysteine

60
Q

what are the monomers or building blocks of lipids

A

fatty acids which are hydrocarbon chains made of C and H atoms

61
Q

are hydrocarbon chains hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

62
Q

why are fatty acids acidic

A

because of the carboxyl group

63
Q

what are the different types of lipids

A

fats, steroids (cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone), phospholipids

64
Q

what are fats composed of

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

65
Q

what are saturated fatty acids

A

they have no double bonds between C atoms, tightly packed and solid at room temperature. Not as good for you because they increase the levels of bad cholesterol in the blood

66
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

have one+ double bonds between carbon atoms, are liquid at room temperature, take up more space bcz double bonds causes hydrocarbon chain to bend

67
Q

monounsaturated vs polyunsaturated

A 
mono = one double bonds
poly= 2+ double bonds
68
Q

cis vs trans fats

A 
cis = unsaturated and have H atoms present on one side of the double bond (up)
trans= have on both sides (bad for us)
69
Q

what is cholesterol, what is its purpose, and was is its structure

A

they are 4 fused carbon rings with 5 methyl groups, an HO group and it makes the cell membrane less permeable to water soluble molecules because it is non polar

70
Q

what is the difference between LDL and HDL

A

LDL is known as a low density lipoproteins because it has more carbon than proteins in its structure where as HDl or high density lipoprotein isn’t bad because there is more protein that carbon in its structure

71
Q

what happens when theres more C atoms

A

its bad for us because they lead to asterosperosis

72
Q

what is asterosperosis

A

narrowing and hardening of the blood arteries; arteries become blocked and not enough blood gets carried out to organs which results in a heart attack/stroke

73
Q

difference between heart attack and stroke

A

heart attack = when heart/cardiac muscles die

stroke = when brain tissues die as a result of a lack of blood delivery

74
Q

what happens after the formation of carbs with proteins

A

glycoprotein

75
Q

phospholipids

A

form all biological membranes

76
Q

what is the structure of phospholipids

A

polar head made of glycerol, phosphate, and choline, with nonpolar tails

77
Q

what are empathic lipids

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions (steroids, phospholipids)

78
Q

micelles

A

phospholipids that arent bilayered and have one tail

Biology 1510 (13 decks)

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