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Biology 1510 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four basic macromolecules

A

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

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2
Q

what are the main functional groups

A

Hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino group, sulfyhydryl, phosphate, methyl

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3
Q

what is the structure of hydroxyl and where is it found

A

OH group and usually found in lipids, amino acids, carbs, and proteins

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4
Q

what is the structure of a Carbonyl group and where is it found

A

C double bounded to O; found in carbs

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5
Q

what is the structure of a carboxyl group and where is it found

A

it is C double bonded to O and single bonded to OH; it is found in lipids and proteins

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6
Q

how does a carboxyl group function

A

it functions as an acid by donating H ions to a solution (becomes COO-)

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7
Q

what is the structure of an amino group

A

N bounded to two H’s ; it is found in nucleic acids and proteins

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8
Q

how does an amino group function

A

it functions as a base by removing H ions from a solution; becomes NH3

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9
Q

what is the structure of a sulfyhydryl group and where are they located

A

it is S single bonded to an H molecule and it is located in proteins

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10
Q

when does a disulfide bridge form

A

when the S of one sulfyhyrdyl group and the S of another sulfyhydryl group bond together to form a non-polar covalent bonds

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11
Q

what does a phosphate group look like and where is it located

A

three O atoms single bonded to a phosphorus group and an oxygen double bonded to the same phosphorus group; found in nucleic acid

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12
Q

what is the structure of a methyl group and where is it located

A

it is a single carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms and it is found in proteins

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13
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

monosaccharides or simple sugars

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14
Q

what are the 6 basic monosaccharides

A

glyceraldehyde, ribose, deoxyribose, flucose, fructose, and galactose

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15
Q

how do different disaccharides and polysaccharides form

A

by combining many different monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis

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16
Q

what is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

A

dehydration synthesis is where a water molecules is removed, covalent bonds are formed, and a larger molecules is made from a smaller one where as hydrolysis is where a water molecule is added, a covalent bond is broken, and a smaller molecule is made from a smaller one

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17
Q

what is the bond that forms between disaccharides/polysaccharides

A

glycosidic bonds

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18
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose (table sugar)

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19
Q

maltose

A

glucose + glucose (grains)

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20
Q

lactose

A

glucose + galactose (milk sugar)

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21
Q

what are three important polysaccharides that provide energy and which are branched? which are unbranched

A

amylose(unbranched), amylopectin (slightly branched), and glycogen (highly branched)

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22
Q

what are amylose and amylopectin classified under

A

starches

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23
Q

what does it mean for a polysaccharide to be branched or unbranched

A

if its branched it means its able to be broken down and digested if its unbranched it is unable to be digested

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24
Q

what is the function of starches and glycogen? how are they similar and how are they different

A

the functions of starches and glycogen is to both store energy; however starches store energy in plants and glycogen stores energy in animals in the liver and skeletal muscle cells

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25
what happens to glucose levels when we fast/exercise
glucose levels go down, glycogen gets broken down to many glucose molecules, the molecules get delivered to organs
26
what are the two polysaccharides that are known as the tough polysaccharides
chitin and cellulose
27
what is the function of chitin
provides structural support in the exoskeleton of animals (arthropods) and fungi
28
what are arthropods
lobsters, shrimps, etc.
29
what is the function of cellulose
structural component of plant cell walls
30
can we digest cellulose? why or why not?
we cant digest cellulose because we dont have the necessary enzymes for it so instead it gets stored as fiber
31
what are proteins made of ?
the building blocks of proteins are amino acids
32
what happens when amino acids come together
when two come together they form a dipeptide bond and when many amino acids come together they form a polypeptide chain
33
what is the bond that forms between amino acids
peptide bond that is polar covalent
34
can the polypeptide chain count in proteins vary between different proteins
yes some proteins can have one polypeptide chain while other can have more than one
35
myoglobin vs. hemoglobin
myoglobin is made from one polypeptide chain and receives oxygen from the red blood cells and transports it to the mitochondria of muscle cells (intracellular storage site); it is only found in muscle tissue. Hemoglobin on the other hand is made of many pp chains and transports oxygen to other organs from our lungs and is found all over our body.
36
what are the four different proteins structures and how doo they
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quatenary
37
primary proteins structure
sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds that folds into a pleated sheet or a helix (not functional)
38
secondary protein structure
forms from peptide and H bonds (non functional); folds into beta pleated sheets or an alpha helix
39
tertiary protein structure
overall 3D shape of a polypeptide, there are many interactions between R groups of different amino acids (functional); several alpha helix and beta sheets come together
40
quaternary protein structure
arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains in space; functional
41
what are bonds that make polypeptides unfold in order of weakest to strongest
van der waals attraction (weak attraction between atoms at a very short distance from each other due to fluctuating charges), hydrophobic exclusion (when non polar R groups exclude themselves from H2) by staying together), Hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, disulfide bonds (covalent).
42
what are the importance of chaperones
they are heat shock proteins produced during exposure to elevated temperatures or high levels of stress that help to fold proteins correctly
43
what are the two most important nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
44
what are the building blocks of DNA and RNA
Nucleotide
45
nucleotides join together to form what
2 nucelotides form a dinucleotide, many nucleotides for m a polynucelotide (DNA and RNA
46
what are the four different DNA nucleotides
there is an H group on the ribose instead of an OH and consist of the nucleotides dAMP, dGMP, dCMP, dTMP
47
how can we differentiate between the four different DNA nucleotides
``` dAMP = no carbonyl group dGMP = carbonyl group where O is dTMP = methyl group ```
48
what are the four different RNA nucleotides
OH is bonded at the end of the ribose where another OH is; AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP
49
how can we differentiate between the different RNA nucs
``` GMP = carbonyl group UMP = two carbonyl groups CMP = (NH2 on top and no NH) ```
50
what is the most important nucleotide
ATP (energy)
51
what are the purine nitrogenous bases and what does it mean to be a purine
adenine and guanine; two rings
52
what are the pyrimadine nitrogenous bases and what does it mean to be pyrimadine
cytosine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA)
53
what is the structure of an amino acid
R group, C terminus (carboxyl), Hydrogen atom, and the N terminus (amino group)
54
what does the R group determine
chemical properties
55
what are the three special amino acids and why
proline- causes polypeptide to bend methionine- 1st amino acid used to make protein and cysteine -forms disulfide bonds
56
what are the two types of non polar amino acids
non aromatic and aromatic
57
what does it mean to be non aromatic and which amino acids are classified under that type
non aromatic does not have a bended carbon ring and these are alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, glycine, proline, methionine
58
which are classified under aromatic amino acids
phenylalanine and tryptophan
59
what are the polar amino acids
serine, asparagine, thereonine, glutamine, tyrosine, cysteine
60
what are the monomers or building blocks of lipids
fatty acids which are hydrocarbon chains made of C and H atoms
61
are hydrocarbon chains hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
62
why are fatty acids acidic
because of the carboxyl group
63
what are the different types of lipids
fats, steroids (cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone), phospholipids
64
what are fats composed of
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
65
what are saturated fatty acids
they have no double bonds between C atoms, tightly packed and solid at room temperature. Not as good for you because they increase the levels of bad cholesterol in the blood
66
unsaturated fatty acids
have one+ double bonds between carbon atoms, are liquid at room temperature, take up more space bcz double bonds causes hydrocarbon chain to bend
67
monounsaturated vs polyunsaturated
``` mono = one double bonds poly= 2+ double bonds ```
68
cis vs trans fats
``` cis = unsaturated and have H atoms present on one side of the double bond (up) trans= have on both sides (bad for us) ```
69
what is cholesterol, what is its purpose, and was is its structure
they are 4 fused carbon rings with 5 methyl groups, an HO group and it makes the cell membrane less permeable to water soluble molecules because it is non polar
70
what is the difference between LDL and HDL
LDL is known as a low density lipoproteins because it has more carbon than proteins in its structure where as HDl or high density lipoprotein isn't bad because there is more protein that carbon in its structure
71
what happens when theres more C atoms
its bad for us because they lead to asterosperosis
72
what is asterosperosis
narrowing and hardening of the blood arteries; arteries become blocked and not enough blood gets carried out to organs which results in a heart attack/stroke
73
difference between heart attack and stroke
heart attack = when heart/cardiac muscles die | stroke = when brain tissues die as a result of a lack of blood delivery
74
what happens after the formation of carbs with proteins
glycoprotein
75
phospholipids
form all biological membranes
76
what is the structure of phospholipids
polar head made of glycerol, phosphate, and choline, with nonpolar tails
77
what are empathic lipids
hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions (steroids, phospholipids)
78
micelles
phospholipids that arent bilayered and have one tail

Biology 1510 (13 decks)

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