Chapter 4

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

Type of conditioning where an individual responds to a stimulus that would not ordinarily produce this response.

E.g. Sees boss frown and grits teeth. Later sees frown, gets nervous and grits teeth.

Question 2

Operant conditioning

Answer 2

Desired voluntary behaviour results in outcomes which reinforce behaviour.

E.g. Person works overtime, received praise from boss so works overtime again.

Question 3

Cognitive learning

Answer 3

Learning achieved through reflecting on the perceived relationship between events and individual goals and expectations.

Question 4

Social learning

Answer 4

Learning through reciprocal interaction between people and environment, integrates operant and classical conditioning.

Question 5

Positive reinforcement

Answer 5

Increases the likelihood of repeating desired behaviour in similar settings by administering positive consequences.

Continuous and intermittent reinforcement.

Question 6

Negative reinforcement

Answer 6

Also called avoidance, increases likelihood of repeating desired behaviour by withdrawal of negative consequences, not punishment.

Question 7

Punishment

Answer 7

Reduces likelihood of repeating desired behaviour in similar setting by administering negative consequences or withdrawal of positive consequences. Can lead to low satisfaction and performance.

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

Withdrawal of reinforcing consequences for an unwanted behaviour. I.e. Ignoring the behaviour and not providing the response the person wants.

Question 9

Learning organisation

Answer 9

Organisation that enables its members to learn to create positively valued outcomes.

Preconditions essential for the successful creation of a learning org: trust, commitment, perceived organisational support.

Characteristics of LO: providing continuous learning opportunities, use of learning to reach goals, linking individual performance with organisational performance, constantly aware and interact with environment, embrace creative tension as a source of energy and renewal.

Question 10

Pay as extrinsic reward

Answer 10

Pay has multiple meanings for individuals, including motivational implications. Merit pay: links individuals compensation to performance during a specific period.