Chapter 3

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Forces within an individual that account for the level, direction and persistence of effort expended at work.

2 connotations: management strategy - something managers do to induce others to act in a way to produce desired results, psychological concept - referring to the internal mental state of a person.

Question 2

Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs

Answer 2

Theory argues that individual needs form a 5 level hierarchy:
Physiological
Safety
Belongingness
Esteem
Self actualisation

Question 3

ERG theory

Answer 3

3 types of needs:
Existence (material and physiological desires)
Relatedness (need to be accepted and interact)
Growth (need for creativity, personal growth and productive impact)

Question 4

McClelland’s acquired needs theory

Answer 4

Our needs are not innate, but acquired or learned on the basis of our life experiences. Need for achievement, power and affiliation.

Question 5

Herzberg’s 2 factor theory of motivation

Answer 5

Motivators (satisfies) - promote satisfaction
Hygiene factors (dissatisfiers) - such as company policy and administration, when adequate, placate workers.

Question 6

Adams Equity theory

Answer 6

Motivation is affected when social comparison in the workplace leaves people feeling that work outcomes are unfair or inequitable. Managing equity dynamic to avoided negative consequences when allocating rewards.

Question 7

Expectancy theory (Vroom)

Answer 7

Work motivation is determined by individual beliefs about effort - performance relationships and desirability of various work outcomes from different performance levels. Theory is based on the logic that people will do what they can do when they want to.

M = expectancy x instrumentality x valence

Question 8

Comparison between content and process theories

Answer 8

Content theories suggest managers should understand how individuals differs in what they need from work, know what can be offered from individuals, know how to create work settings that give people the opportunity to satisfy their needs.

Process theories suggest that a manager must try to understand individual thought processes, then actively intervene in the work situation to influence them.

Question 9

Empowerment

Answer 9

Process by which managers delegate power to employees to motivate greater responsibility in balancing the achievement of both personal and organisational goals.