Chapter 4

Question 1

Abduction

Answer 1

Vocal fold movement away from each other.

Question 2

Myelin

Answer 2

A fatty insulator covering the axon that speeds transmission of impulses.

Question 3

Efferent

Answer 3

Conduction away from a central structure; nerve impulses carried from the brain to the periphery. They carry impulses to muscles and glands from the brain and spinal cord.

Question 4

Afferent

Answer 4

Axonal fibers that conduct impulses toward the central nervous system; nerve impulses carried from the periphery to the brain. Bring information from the ear, eye, and nose to the brain.

Question 5

Nuerotransmitters

Answer 5

Chemical messengers of the nervous system; a substance released by hair cells or neurons that affects neighboring neurons.

Question 6

Glial cells

Answer 6

Support cells of the nervous system.

• they form the myelin covering of axons that speed of transmission of an impulse down the axon
• they serve as a blood-brain barrier for nutrients delivering the neurons
• they remove dead cells from the N.S

Question 7

Meninges

Answer 7

Tissue coverings overlying the CNS.

Question 8

Cerebral hemispheres

Answer 8

Two major parts of the cerebrum joined by the corpus callosum.

Question 9

Gyri

Answer 9

Folds of the cerebral cortex.

Question 10

Sulci

Answer 10

Furrows of the cerebral cortex.

Question 11

Longitudinal fissure

Answer 11

Space that separates the medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.

Question 12

Corpus callosum

Answer 12

Fiber pathways joining the cerebral hemispheres

Question 13

Sylvian fissure

Answer 13

Horizontal fissure superior to the temporal lobe.

Question 14

Rolandic fissure

Answer 14

Fissure that divides posterior frontal lobe from anterior parietal lobe.

Question 15

Basal ganglia

Answer 15

A group of subcortical structures, including the putamen, global pallidus, and caudate, that contributes to control of motor behavior.

Question 16

Thalamus

Answer 16

Structure located at either side of the third ventricle; responsible for sensorimotor integration and sensory projection to the cerebral cortex.

Question 17

Brain stem

Answer 17

A portion of the brain containing the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. The structures are important to speech production.

Question 18

Cerebellum

Answer 18

Structure at the back of the brain stem; important for motor control. Important for balance and for ensuring of various body movements

Question 19

Broca’s area

Answer 19

Brodmann’s area 44 located on the third frontal

gyrus anterior to the pre central face area. Functions to program speech movements.

Question 20

Wernicke’s area

Answer 20

Posterior part of the first temporal gyrus important for auditory processing and comprehension.

Question 21

Pyramidal tract

Answer 21

Major motor pathway from cerebral cortex to brain stem and spinal cord. Referred to as upper motor neurons.

Question 22

Extrapyramidal tract

Answer 22

indirect motor pathway made up of networks of neurons.

Question 23

resting expiratory level

Answer 23

mechanically neutral position of the respiratory system.

Question 24

adduction

Answer 24

Movement toward the midline; vocal fold movement toward each other.

Question 25

glottis

Answer 25

the opening or space between the vocal cords

Question 26

Bernoulli effect

Answer 26

As the velocity of airflow increases, pressure decreases with total energy remaining constant.

Question 27

Harmonics

Answer 27

An integral multiple of the fundamental frequency.

Question 28

Fundamental frequency (fo)

Answer 28

The lowest frequency (first harmonic) of a complex periodic waveform.

Question 29

prosody

Answer 29

stress and intonation of speech

Question 30

source-filter theory

Answer 30

An acoustic theory of speech production that states a sound energy source is modified by the filter characteristics of the vocal tract.

Question 31

formants

Answer 31

a resonance of the vocal tract

Question 32

coarticulation

Answer 32

simultaneous production of 2 sequential sounds. Overlapping of articulating and acoustic patterns of speech production caused by anticipation or de tension of a speech feature.