Chapter 3

Question 1

Socioeconomic status

Answer 1

A family’s status based on family income, parental education level, parental occupation, and social status in the community. For ex: some families may interact in quiet manner, while others use a loud tone of voice.

Question 2

Culture

Answer 2

A set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a group of people that guide how individuals think, act, and interact on a daily basis. For ex: the way individuals use language is often a reflection of the cultural group to which that person belongs.

Question 3

Socialization

Answer 3

Process by which an individual learns his or her own culture. For ex: me learning the Filipino culture.

Question 4

Acculuration

Answer 4

The process by which the individual learns or adapts to another culture. For ex: me learning Korean

Question 5

Mismatch

Answer 5

Refers to the mismatch between child socialization and expectations for home language interactions and school language interactions. For ex: two cultures come into contact with each other. When children who are not from the American mainstream culture enter the school system, their experiences may not match educator’s expectations about what they should know or how to display that knowledge.

Question 6

Basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS)

Answer 6

Language proficiency at a level that requires low cognitive load in situations that are highly contextualized. For ex: 2nd language learners take from 1-3 years to learn face-to face communication.

Question 7

Decontextualized language

Answer 7

Refers to a language learning environment devoid of significant nonverbal or contextual cues to assist meaning.

Question 8

Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)

Answer 8

Language proficiency at a level that required high cognitive load in situations that are decontextualized.

Question 9

Communicative demands

Answer 9

the expectations of a specific language interaction. for ex: unwritten rules about how children and adults interact.

Question 10

Dialect

Answer 10

typically defined as a variation of a language that is spoken by people from a particular geographic area.

Question 11

Accents

Answer 11

A particular nonnative stress on syllables in words, which connotes the influence of a second language. for ex: sound differences

Question 12

Grammatical Patterns

Answer 12

Rules governed organization of words in sentences

Question 13

Jim Crow Segregration

Answer 13

The legalized segregation (from about 1900 through the 1960) barring African Americans from public and social interations with whites. for ex: blacks were legally denied access to social and political interactions with mainstream society. blacks couldn’t live where whites live or go to school where whites went to school. etc

Question 14

code switching

Answer 14

The alternating use of 2 languages at the word, phrase, and sentence levels with a complete break between languages in phonology. In African American English (AAE) code switching refers to alternations in intonation, prosody, and specific grammatical features determined by the situational context. for ex: being able to switch different languages at one time.

Question 15

Bilingual

Answer 15

individuals speak and understand 2 languages.

Question 16

elective bilingual

Answer 16

Refers to someone who learns a second language by choice. For ex: those who have studied a foreign language in school.

Question 17

circumstantial bilingual

Answer 17

someone who becomes bilingual as a result of living in a bilingual environment. May come about because of forced migration or for economic reasons such as traveling to another country to find work. For ex: learning a second language because they have immigrated to another country.

Question 18

simultaneous bilinguals

Answer 18

2 languages are acquired early in development. families know and use 2 languages at home. for ex: families who know and use 2 languages at home.

Question 19

sequential bilinguals

Answer 19

A second language is introduced after the primary language is established. for ex: individuals who learn a second language when they go to school or learn a second language as an adult.