Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

nutrition 322 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

when maternal nutrients fall below optimal who is receiving less nutrients- mom or baby

A

the baby,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when is the critical periode

A

first 2 months after conception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the critical periode

A

pre-programmed time periodes during embryonic and fetal development ehen specific cells organs and tissues are formed and intergrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many weeks is a pregnanacy

A

average of 38 weeks but usually given as 40 weeks because they mesure from the date of the first day of the last menstrual cycle ( 2 nonpregnant weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how are physiological changes in pregnancies classifed

A

first half and last half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are maternal anabolic changes

A

first half of pregnancy - build the capacity of the ,pthers body to deliver relatively large quantaties of blood, 0xygen and nutrients to the fetus baby growth 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is maternal catabolic

A

2nd half of pregnancy- energy and nutrient stores and the heightened capacity to deliver stored energy and nutrient to the fetus predominates- baby growth : 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does maternal body water change during preg

A

increaes 7 to 10 litters- due to amniotic fluid, plasma le, this is to increase blood flow and nutrients to the baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why do women feel tiered during the first part of prego

A

surge in blood volume, this fades after 2-3 month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what ios the dilution effect

A

increase volume of water in the blood, blood levels of fat soluble vitamens increase. where there is a decrease in water soluble vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the fetus prefered fuel

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

diabetogenic effect of pregnancy

A

maternal insulin resistance, for continued availabilty of glucose for the fetus- make the mom slightly carb intolerant in the third trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens in the first half of preg for carb conversions

A

estrogen and progesterone increses insulin production so that glucose is converted to glycogen and fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens in the second half of preg to carbs

A

rising levels of hCS and prolactin inhibits the conversion of glucose to glycogen and fats. at the same time insulin resistance is building so that the baby will always have a supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is accelerated fating metabolism

A

the mom metabolism is converted to glucogenic amino acid utilization, fat oxidation,and ketone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is protein metabolism

A

the amino acids that go towards tissue building come from the food eaten during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens in fat metabolism during pregnancy

A

accumulation of maternal fat store in the first half and enhance fat mobilization in second half- trigloyceride levels more than double then non-prego. the others also increase but not as much

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why do maternal blood have more cholestrol

A

used by placenta to make hormones and to make for nerve and cell membrane formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the function of the placenta

A

hormone and enzymme production, nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus, removal of waste products from fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what factors determine what crosses the placenta

A

size and charge,lipid soluability, the []between mom and baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is easiest to cross the placenta

A

water and lipids-enzyme and insualin dontr cross at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when and what is the critical periode

A

genetically progrmammed time periodes suring embryonic and fetal development when specific cells, organs, and tissues are formed and integrated - during first 2 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the first organ that develops

A

the brain therefore if there is lacking nutrients it will take priority compared to muscles and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is maturation

A

stabilization of cell number and size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is IGF-1

A

primary growth stimulator of the baby promotes uptake of nutrients and inhibits tissue breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is SGA

A

Small for Gestational age- the wt is less than 10th percentile for gestational age the 2 pattern of growth are dSGA anf pSGA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

dSGA

A

disproportionately small for gestational age: the wt is less than 10th percentile, but lenght and head circumferance are normal are skinny poorly developed muscles , look wasted and wrinkly due to malnutrtion in 3rd trimester
show good catch up growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is pSGA

A

wt, lenght and head circumferance are less than 10th percentile for gestational age- stay small for life and dont catch up
inutero longterm malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

which babies have fewer health problems at birth but their catch up growth is slower

A

pSGA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what causes LGA

A

preprego obesity, poorly controlled diabetes, excessive weight gain,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how many cases of pregos leading to misscarridges

A

over30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

if there is a lack of vit d and e in the first trimester what might happen

A

a misscarridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what can influence a preterm delivery

A

genital tract infections, insufficient flood flow, bleeding in uterus, preprego underweight, low weight gain in prego, stress, short interpregnanacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

epigenetics

A

role in silencing genes dose not change DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Thrifty phenotype

A

increase suseptibility to insulin resistance and weight gain in (bad nutrition)in utero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

when do body fat storeincrease the most

A

btw 10 and 20 weeks or beofre fetal energy requirements is highest

37
Q

what percentage on the overall weight gain does the fetus take up

A

1/3

38
Q

what is the minimum amount of carbs a prego should eat

A

175 grams

39
Q

when is the most critical time to avoid alcohol

A

during 2nd half

40
Q

how much protein do we need during prego

A

71 gram about 1/2 goes to the fetus the rest goes to building blood in mom and stuff

41
Q

how much fat should a prego eat

A

33% of all fat

42
Q

how much linoleic acid omega 6

A

13 grams

43
Q

how much linolenic acid and others omega 3

A

1.4 g flax, walnuts, leafy greens, canola oil

44
Q

what are ecosanoids

A

molecules synthsised from esential fatty acids (epa) and (dha) in prego only about 9% of linolenic gets converted

45
Q

what is the critical periode

A

a specific periode of time in embryogenesis where a nutritional deficiency or toxic insult may lead to birth defects or spontaneous abortions
each organ system has its own critical periode
it is a time of intense development /differentiation and hyperplasia of that organ system
ex. neural tube closure

46
Q

chorion frondosum

A

the fetal tissue exchanges substances by diffusion with maternal blood around the villi- becomes more and more branched as the fetus grows

47
Q

lacunae

A

mothers blood

48
Q

what are the roles of the palcenta

A

1: respiratory system- gas exchange
2: kidney- removal of waste products- urea, uric acid,
3: GIT-dose either simple diffusion(fat soluble), facilitaed diffusion (fe), active transport (ca, zn), pinocytosis (immuno globulins
4: immune system: transfer immune factors
5: endocrine system: production of hormones- estro, progestro, HCG

49
Q

barkers hypothesis

A

fetal enviro correlated to later desease risk diabetes, chd, stroke

50
Q

in fetal programming, what is maternal nutrition, stress , toxins

A

will permenently alters gene expression in fetal tissue, permenent effects on structure and function- endocrine , liver,kidney, brain

51
Q

in fetal programming, what is the connectoin to the twin epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes

A

if baby is malnurished to allow the grain to have the glucose the rest of the body becomes insulin resistant- sippose to be for the thrifty genotype but when baby is born in obesogenic environment - this is TRANSGENERATIONAL but not genetic- their genes have not changed it is a trait

52
Q

what is bad about a fast catch up rate

A

increse risk of insulin resistance type 2 diabetes and hypertension

53
Q

what is methylation

A

ch3 on the gene to silence it example the exact same dna is in each one of our cells but the ear does not make insulin- example of epigenetics

54
Q

oncogene

A

this specific gene will cause cancer but if there is enough b12 and folate in diet it will provide the ch3 needed so that the body doesnt take from the methyl silencing the cancer gene

55
Q

what can we do to ensure healthy pregnancies

A

that young womens( teens) have the best diet possible,
support healthies prego changes,
feed infants well,
avoid rapid weight gain

56
Q

what happens to volume and composition

A

blood volume increases by 50%

increases # of RBC by more production in marrow and less RBC destruction

57
Q

what is hemoglobulin

A

Hb/100ml of blood

58
Q

hematocrit

A

% RBC / total blood volume

59
Q

hemodilution

A

normal size and colour so what would look like anemia in non prego is actuality normal

60
Q

what changes in the cardiovascular system

A

hypertrophy of the heart from more blood volume and increases cardiac output by 20%
but due to progesterone the blood pressure decreases in the first half of - relaces

61
Q

how does the respiratory system change

A

maternal and fetal o2 requirements increase ( increased BMR- anabolism) but as the fetus grows it presses on the diaphragms causing it to rise- this increase tidal volume so that it is deeped and more efficient by 30-40%

62
Q

how does the renal function change in preg

A

glomerular filtration and renal bllod flow increases- due to this greater concentration of nutrients it can overwhelm the system and cause it to loose glucose, aa and water soluble vitamin in urine

63
Q

how does the git change

A

appetite increases, git motility slows down for increased nutrient absorption , heart burn due to progesterone relaxes sphincter,
constipation- hemoroids - straining a stool
altered sense of taste
gas

64
Q

hormonal changes in preg

A

hpl,hgh.glucagon, cortisone -all lead to increased blood glucose concentration - diabetogenic afffect of preg
also estrogen and progesterone

65
Q

progesterone

A

relaxes all muscles, increases fat stores, allows for Na loss in the body (thats why should never limit salt intake)

66
Q

estrogen

A

help uterine contraction, water retention- edema

67
Q

what are other metabolic shifts that occur in preg

A

increased BMR- CO2
IN 2nd trimester- due to progesterone start to store fat
as prego proceeds metabolism shifts to using fat as main fuel - glucose s used for baby

68
Q

what is ketosis

A

ketosis is when the body breaks down fat for energy it uses alpha ketoglycerate, ketones - this can cause abortions and impaire the CNS
overnight the women can get mild ketosis
for gluconeogenesis the body converts alanine to pyruvate then to glucose, but in prego the fetus is getting most of the alanine to build dna and tissue

69
Q

how does iron requirements change in prego

A

increases by 50% 27mg - due to increased blood volume and and rbc
why is most common around the world to have deficiency:
dont have enough to start with because poverty, teen, low vit c to increase absorption

70
Q

their is an increased risk of fe deficiency when

A

low weight gain, premature delivery, death (baby)

mother will be fatigued, cardio stree and increased infection

71
Q

what are the stages of annemia

A

1: decreased serum feritin (if stores are good in liver then it will leak out in blood)
2: fe deficiency without anemia decreased % transferin saturation (2 fes/ protein)
3: Iron deficiency anemia: decreased Hb, hematocrit, pale and small RBC

72
Q

how do folate requirements change during prego

A

600mcg/day used in DNA replication
is low in folate can lead to megoloblastic anemia (bigger becasue want to divide but cant due to low B12)
ALL child bearing age should have 400mcg of folic acid in addition to rich foods

73
Q

how do calcium requirements change during prego

A

no change- still 1000mg/600iu
we arent getting enough anyway (geographical, dont drink milk vegans, lacto, dieting fashion)
need it for skeletal fetal development , breastmilk - dont take natural supplements could have Pb

74
Q

how do essential fatty acids change during prego

A

a-linolenic (18-3n-3)- 5-7% will convert to EPA (for heart health) and DHA( for eyes and brain) should get a 1:10 ratio with….
linoleic (18-2n-6) some convert to arachidonic
a concern because ppl are eating more premade foods and are over zeolous on low fat foods

75
Q

what is considered low birth weight

A

3.3lbs to 5.4 lbs

76
Q

what is normal weight

A

7.5-8.8lbs

77
Q

what is high birth weight

A

over 9 lbs

78
Q

what are the key determinants of birth weight

A

1: maternal nutrition prior and during nutrition
2: maternal body size- under or overweight
3: maternal weight gain

79
Q

if underweight when entering preg

A

the baby will be LBW, increased risk of preterm delivery, perinatal mortality, low apgar scale .
mom should take fe supplements, eat enough and strive for upper weight gain

80
Q

if overweight when entering preg

A

the mother will have hypertension, gestational diabetes, difficult labour or c-section(microbiome)
infant: post term delivery, higher birthweight, birth trauma from difficult labour
should strive for lower end of wt gain

81
Q

normal body weight - wt gained

A

1st tri: 1.5-4lbs

2-3rd tri: less than 1lbs/week

82
Q

underweight- wt gained

A

1st tri: 5lbs

2-3rd tri: more than 1 lb a week

83
Q

overweight- wt gained

A

1st tri: 2lb

2-3rd tri: 2/3lbs a week

84
Q

what can influence a risky preg

A

1: maternal nutrition
2: maternal weight- prior and durin
3: socioeconomic status-npoverty, lack of support, education, domestic violence, alcohol, could have many children
4: age-,young still growing, shame, poor diet, education, risky experimenting periode - gynecologic age- if less tahn 2 years increases
old- after 35 increases catabolism, fetal death is twice as high, more miscaridges, birth defects, risk of down syndrome increases from 1/1000 to 1/100
5: parity (# of live births in obstetrical history)- 1st is the most risky
6:maternal health: diabetes, pre-eclampsia,diseases- heart, hiv(can be transfered through delivery, placenta,breastmilk)
7: lifestyle-

85
Q

what lifestyle choices can alter preg

A

vegetarian (fe, zn, b12,ca,d,pro, kcals
-caffeineless than 300 mg is ok- stimulant though
herbal teas- fennel and wintergreen are toxic
pica: non-food substances: clay, laundry starch, cigarette ashes- GIT complication- can be toxic and replace nutritious foods
drugs/meds: weed can cause FASD symptoms, abortions, cocaine can be addictive and lbw
tobaco: #1 cause of low birth weight, risk factors for SIDS, nicotine, CO, alcohol

86
Q

nicotine

A

vasoconscrictor decreased o2 flow from placenta

87
Q

CO

A

PREFERENTIALITY crosses placenta instead of o2: lbw, perinatal mortality, reduces apetite( low B6, 12, c,e,folate,b-carotene, se

88
Q

alcohol

A 
known teratogen immature liver to detox,
lbw
abruptio placentae- breakaway still born
add
fas
fathers sperm is just weird so doesnt nakeit anyway

nutrition 322 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions