Chapter 4 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the name of the factors that control traits that Mendel discovered

A

Gene

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1
Q

In Mendels experiments, what proportion of the plants in the F2 generation had the trait that had been missing in generation F1

A

3/4 were tall 1/4 were short

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2
Q

What do the following notations mean to genetics: TT, Tt, tt

A

TT – Dominant Tt – dominant tt- recessive

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3
Q

What was the dominant trait in Mendels experiments (tall or short)?

A

Tall

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4
Q

What are the possible genotypes for a tall pea plant

A

TT, Tt

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5
Q

What does a punnet square show

A

It shows all possible combinations of alleles in a genetic cross

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6
Q

What is a genotype? What do you write down when I ask for a genotype?

A

The genotype is its genetic makeup. You write down the alleles. Ex. TT, Tt

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7
Q

What is a phenotype? What do you write down when I ask for a phenotype?

A

The phenotype is its physical appearance. You write down the dominant or recessive trait. Ex. Tall stem or short stem

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8
Q

What is the definition of codominance? Give an example of a trait that follows that pattern of inheritance

A

The alleles are neither dominant or recessive. Ex. FB FW

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9
Q

What is the definition of incomplete dominance? Give an example of a trait that follows the pattern of inheritance.

A

With incomplete dominance, a cross between organisms with two different phenotypes produces offspring with a third phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits. Ex. Red x white–> pink

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10
Q

What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? Who developed it?

A

Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes. Walter Sutton

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11
Q

What fraction of the chromosomes does each sex Cell contribute when they combine to produce offspring

A

1/2

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12
Q

What determines the genetic code

A

The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene

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13
Q

What does the genetic code tell the cell

A

Specifies what type of protein will be produced

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14
Q

What does messenger RNA do during protein synthesis

A

Copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus, and carries it to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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15
Q

What does transfer RNA do during protein synthesis

A

Carries amino acid and adds them to the growing protein

16
Q

What are the two major differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA has two strands RNA has one strand

17
Q

What is the definition of a mutation

A

Any change in a gene or chromosome

18
Q

What are the three types of mutations? Define them and give an example of each.

A

One base pair is removed, one base pair is added, one base pair is substituted for another. Look at your packet

19
Q

What are the different forms of a gene called

20
Q

What does homozygous mean

A

If the alleles are the same or purebred

21
Q

What does heterozygous mean

A

If the alleles are different or hybrid

22
Q

What does purebred mean

A

The two alleles are the same or homozygous

23
Q

What does hybrid mean

A

The two alleles are different or heterozygous

24
What are chromosomes made of
Genes
25
Mutations can happen in two types of cells. Name the cells.
Sex cells and body cells
26
A mutation that happens in which type of cell can be passed to offspring?
Sex cell
27
How many times does the cell divide during meiosis
2
28
What are produced by meiosis
4 Sex cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original
29
What does a set of three bases represent
One specific amino acid
30
What are the four basic steps of protein synthesis
1. Messenger RNA production 2. Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome and carries message to cytoplasm 3. Transfer RNA attaches to messenger RNA and reads message 4. Protein production continues until a stop code is reached