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Life Science > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is the name of the factors that control traits that Mendel discovered

A

Gene

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1
Q

In Mendels experiments, what proportion of the plants in the F2 generation had the trait that had been missing in generation F1

A

3/4 were tall 1/4 were short

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2
Q

What do the following notations mean to genetics: TT, Tt, tt

A

TT – Dominant Tt – dominant tt- recessive

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3
Q

What was the dominant trait in Mendels experiments (tall or short)?

A

Tall

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4
Q

What are the possible genotypes for a tall pea plant

A

TT, Tt

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5
Q

What does a punnet square show

A

It shows all possible combinations of alleles in a genetic cross

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6
Q

What is a genotype? What do you write down when I ask for a genotype?

A

The genotype is its genetic makeup. You write down the alleles. Ex. TT, Tt

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7
Q

What is a phenotype? What do you write down when I ask for a phenotype?

A

The phenotype is its physical appearance. You write down the dominant or recessive trait. Ex. Tall stem or short stem

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8
Q

What is the definition of codominance? Give an example of a trait that follows that pattern of inheritance

A

The alleles are neither dominant or recessive. Ex. FB FW

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9
Q

What is the definition of incomplete dominance? Give an example of a trait that follows the pattern of inheritance.

A

With incomplete dominance, a cross between organisms with two different phenotypes produces offspring with a third phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits. Ex. Red x white–> pink

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10
Q

What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? Who developed it?

A

Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes. Walter Sutton

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11
Q

What fraction of the chromosomes does each sex Cell contribute when they combine to produce offspring

A

1/2

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12
Q

What determines the genetic code

A

The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene

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13
Q

What does the genetic code tell the cell

A

Specifies what type of protein will be produced

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14
Q

What does messenger RNA do during protein synthesis

A

Copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus, and carries it to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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15
Q

What does transfer RNA do during protein synthesis

A

Carries amino acid and adds them to the growing protein

16
Q

What are the two major differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA has two strands RNA has one strand

17
Q

What is the definition of a mutation

A

Any change in a gene or chromosome

18
Q

What are the three types of mutations? Define them and give an example of each.

A

One base pair is removed, one base pair is added, one base pair is substituted for another. Look at your packet

19
Q

What are the different forms of a gene called

A

Allele

20
Q

What does homozygous mean

A

If the alleles are the same or purebred

21
Q

What does heterozygous mean

A

If the alleles are different or hybrid

22
Q

What does purebred mean

A

The two alleles are the same or homozygous

23
Q

What does hybrid mean

A

The two alleles are different or heterozygous

24
Q

What are chromosomes made of

A

Genes

25
Q

Mutations can happen in two types of cells. Name the cells.

A

Sex cells and body cells

26
Q

A mutation that happens in which type of cell can be passed to offspring?

A

Sex cell

27
Q

How many times does the cell divide during meiosis

A

2

28
Q

What are produced by meiosis

A

4 Sex cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original

29
Q

What does a set of three bases represent

A

One specific amino acid

30
Q

What are the four basic steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. Messenger RNA production
  2. Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome and carries message to cytoplasm
  3. Transfer RNA attaches to messenger RNA and reads message
  4. Protein production continues until a stop code is reached

Life Science (8 decks)

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