Chapter 4

Question 1

Flexibility

Answer 1

Normal extensibility of all soft tissues; allows for full range of motion and optimal neuromuscular efficiency in all functional movement

Question 2

Atrophy

Answer 2

Loss in muscle fiber size

Question 3

Sarcopenia

Answer 3

Decrease in muscle fiber numbers

Question 4

Cumulative injury cycle

Answer 4

Cycle where injury induces inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesions, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances

Question 5

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 5

Muscles on one side of force-couple relax (antagonist) to allow the agonist to produce movement

Question 6

Altered reciprocal inhibition

Answer 6

When overactive/tight muscle causes decreased neural drive to its functional antagonist

Question 7

Synergistic dominance

Answer 7

When a synergistic muscle for a movement pattern takes over for a weak or inhibited agonist

Question 8

Arthrokinetic dysfunction

Answer 8

Biomechanical dysfunction in two articulated partners that leads to abnormal joint movement and proprioception

Question 9

All-or-none principle

Answer 9

When a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract, it contracts completely

Question 10

Elasticity

Answer 10

Spring like behavior of connective tissue that enables it to return to original shape or size when forces are removed, like a spring

Question 11

Elastic limit

Answer 11

Smallest value of stress required to produce permanent strain in soft tissue

Question 12

Plasticity

Answer 12

Residual or permanent change in connective tissue; allows slow deformation with imperfect recovery after deforming forces are removed; like memory foam

Question 13

Davis’ law

Answer 13

Soft tissue models along the lines of stress

Question 14

Wolff’s law

Answer 14

Bone in a healthy person will adapt to the loads places upon it

Question 15

Golgi tendon organs (GTO)

Answer 15

Mechanoreceptors in the musculotendinous junction; sensitive to changes in tension and the rate of that change; prolonged stimulation causes autogenic inhibition

Question 16

Muscle spindles

Answer 16

Mechanoreceptors; major sensory organs of muscle; sensitive to changes in length and the rate of that change

Question 17

Joint receptors

Answer 17

Mechanoreceptors in the joints; signal joint position, movement, and pressure changes

Question 18

Autogenic inhibition

Answer 18

Inhibitory action to muscle spindles from prolonged GTO stimulation

Question 19

Nystatin stretch reflex

Answer 19

Motor response in the spinal cord when a muscle is stretched very quickly; muscle spindle contracts, stimulates primary afferent fibers, causes extra fugal fibers to fire and develop tension to protect the muscle

Question 20

Integrated flexibility continuum

Answer 20

Corrective, active, and functional flexibility; full range must be addressed to counteract atrophy and other physical changes from aging, immobilization, or injury

Question 21

Corrective flexibility

Answer 21

Stretching techniques to correct postural dysfunction, muscle imbalance, and joint dysfunction; includes self-myofascial release, static stretching, and neuromuscular stretching; used in stabilization level of OPT model

Question 22

Active flexibility

Answer 22

Stretching techniques to improve soft tissue extensibility in all planes of motion; employs reciprocal inhibition; includes self-myofascial release, active-isolated stretching, and neuromuscular; used in stabilization level of OPT model

Question 23

Functional flexibility

Answer 23

Stretching techniques to improve optimum neuromuscular control throughout full range of motion; dynamic movements at realistic speeds

Question 24

Self-myofascial release (SMR)

Answer 24

Focuses on neural and fascial systems; alleviates myofascial trigger points

Question 25

Static stretching

Answer 25

Low-force, long-duration movements, utilizes autogenic inhibition,take stretch to point of tension and hold for 30 sec

Question 26

Active-isolated stretching

Answer 26

Uses agonists and synergistic to dynamically move a joint through a range of motion; look just like static stretches; 1-2 sets, hold stretches 1-2 sec and 5-10 reps

Question 27

Neuromuscular stretching

Answer 27

Influences both autogenic and reciprocal inhibition, passively move athlete’s limb to first point of resistance and athlete applies isometric contraction for 7-15 sec, rest and deeper range of motion, hold for 20-30 sec, repeat 3 times

Question 28

Dynamic stretching

Answer 28

Exercises that use force production and momentum to take a joint through full range of motion