Chapter 4 Flashcards
Flexibility
Normal extensibility of all soft tissues; allows for full range of motion and optimal neuromuscular efficiency in all functional movement
Atrophy
Loss in muscle fiber size
Sarcopenia
Decrease in muscle fiber numbers
Cumulative injury cycle
Cycle where injury induces inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesions, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances
Reciprocal inhibition
Muscles on one side of force-couple relax (antagonist) to allow the agonist to produce movement
Altered reciprocal inhibition
When overactive/tight muscle causes decreased neural drive to its functional antagonist
Synergistic dominance
When a synergistic muscle for a movement pattern takes over for a weak or inhibited agonist
Arthrokinetic dysfunction
Biomechanical dysfunction in two articulated partners that leads to abnormal joint movement and proprioception
All-or-none principle
When a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract, it contracts completely
Elasticity
Spring like behavior of connective tissue that enables it to return to original shape or size when forces are removed, like a spring
Elastic limit
Smallest value of stress required to produce permanent strain in soft tissue
Plasticity
Residual or permanent change in connective tissue; allows slow deformation with imperfect recovery after deforming forces are removed; like memory foam
Davis’ law
Soft tissue models along the lines of stress
Wolff’s law
Bone in a healthy person will adapt to the loads places upon it
Golgi tendon organs (GTO)
Mechanoreceptors in the musculotendinous junction; sensitive to changes in tension and the rate of that change; prolonged stimulation causes autogenic inhibition
Muscle spindles
Mechanoreceptors; major sensory organs of muscle; sensitive to changes in length and the rate of that change
Joint receptors
Mechanoreceptors in the joints; signal joint position, movement, and pressure changes
Autogenic inhibition
Inhibitory action to muscle spindles from prolonged GTO stimulation
Nystatin stretch reflex
Motor response in the spinal cord when a muscle is stretched very quickly; muscle spindle contracts, stimulates primary afferent fibers, causes extra fugal fibers to fire and develop tension to protect the muscle
Integrated flexibility continuum
Corrective, active, and functional flexibility; full range must be addressed to counteract atrophy and other physical changes from aging, immobilization, or injury
Corrective flexibility
Stretching techniques to correct postural dysfunction, muscle imbalance, and joint dysfunction; includes self-myofascial release, static stretching, and neuromuscular stretching; used in stabilization level of OPT model
Active flexibility
Stretching techniques to improve soft tissue extensibility in all planes of motion; employs reciprocal inhibition; includes self-myofascial release, active-isolated stretching, and neuromuscular; used in stabilization level of OPT model
Functional flexibility
Stretching techniques to improve optimum neuromuscular control throughout full range of motion; dynamic movements at realistic speeds
Self-myofascial release (SMR)
Focuses on neural and fascial systems; alleviates myofascial trigger points
Static stretching
Low-force, long-duration movements, utilizes autogenic inhibition,take stretch to point of tension and hold for 30 sec
Active-isolated stretching
Uses agonists and synergistic to dynamically move a joint through a range of motion; look just like static stretches; 1-2 sets, hold stretches 1-2 sec and 5-10 reps
Neuromuscular stretching
Influences both autogenic and reciprocal inhibition, passively move athlete’s limb to first point of resistance and athlete applies isometric contraction for 7-15 sec, rest and deeper range of motion, hold for 20-30 sec, repeat 3 times
Dynamic stretching
Exercises that use force production and momentum to take a joint through full range of motion
