Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 354 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Classification def?

A

Subdividing or organizing a set of related objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Classification benefits? (3)

A
  • Facilitates description & communication
  • Aids treatment decisions & prognosis
  • Facilitates research on etiology, treatment, & outcome
  • Facilitates 3rd party reimbursements (insurance)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classification concerns? (3)

A
  • May lead to stigmatization
  • Unrelated problems may be misattributed to the disorder
  • Expectations for behavior may change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Categorical approach def/meaning?

A
  • Reflects a difference in kind or quality
  • Discrete groups (normal vs abnormal)
  • Schizophrenia & depression are qualitatively different
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Problems with categorical approach?

A
  • Assumes bimodal distribution (that the diff. between groups is very clear –> think big vs small ants)
  • Requires you to have 5 symptoms, so only having 4 means you don’t qualify for the disorder… even tho you’re experiencing symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dimensional approach def / meaning

A
  • Focuses on the amount of a particular characteristic that something possesses
  • Everything has the characteristic at different amounts
  • Uses continuum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DSM-5 uses mostly… a) categorical or b) quantitative?

A

a) categorical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 important diagnostic systems for mental disorders? Who developed them? Where are they used?

A

DSM (5)
- American Psychiatric Association
- used in the US and parts of Europe

ICD
- World Health Organization
- most other countries around the world
** includes mental & physical disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Important things about DSM 1:

A
  • First official manual of mental disorders
  • Introduced post WW2
  • Relied heavily on psychodynamic concepts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Important things about DSM 2:

A
  • Still uses psychodynamic perspective
  • Included behavior disorder of childhood and adolescence
  • Removed homosexuality in 7th printing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Important things/changes about DSM 3:

A
  • FIRST TIME you see symptom based
  • Introduced multi-axial system
    –> clients evaluated in 5 different areas
  • Added new diagnostic categories
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Important things/changes about DSM 4:

A
  • Extremely conservative, stringent, empirical standards for changes to diagnostic categories/requirements
  • still used multi-axial system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Multi-axial system –> what were the 5 axes?

A

1: Clinical disorders of mental illness
- Episodic / temporary disorders

2: Recurrent / chronic disorders
- Personality disorders, mental retardation

3: General medical conditions
- Hyperthyroidism

4: Psychosocial & environmental problems
- Homelessness, loss of loved one, just broken up

5: Global assessment of function
- Rating 1-100, lower number is worse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Important things/changes about DSM 5:

A
  • Still symptom based system
  • Very few disorders with causes
    –> ex. ptsd

Major changes:**
- Elimination of multi-axial system
- Increase in dimensional focus
- Comorbidity rating
- Greater emphasis on cultural differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 big limitations / problems with the DSM?

A

Boundaries between normal and abnormal can seem arbitrary
- cutoff points not always empirically justified
- reliant on subjective judgment
- time periods in diagnoses

Problem of comorbidity:
- 56% of people with 1 disorder meet criteria for at least one other
- affects validity of system and reliability of diagnoses
- are diagnoses even naturally distinct if theres so much overlap?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reliability def?

A
  • does an assessment produce the same result each time it is used to assess the same thing
  • CONSISTENCY
    (not accuracy)
17
Q

Validity def?

A
  • does a measuring instrument actually measure what it is supposed to?
  • continuum of more to less useful
  • ACCURACY
    (not consistency)
18
Q

Types of reliability measures?

A
  • Test-retest reliability
  • Inter-rater reliability
19
Q

Test-retest reliability def?

A
  • refers to consistency between 2 repeated assessment of tests
  • if you test now and again later, do you get the same results?
20
Q

Inter-rater reliability def?

A
  • refers to agreement of raters about observations
  • 2 providers watch the same client interview. do they give the same diagnosis?
21
Q

3 types of validity measures?

A
  • Etiological validity
  • Concurrent validity
  • Predictive validity
22
Q

Etiological validity def?

A
  • Looking for causal associations between factors and disorders
  • Usually over time
  • Concerned with the specific factors that are regularly and perhaps uniquely associated with a particular disorder
23
Q

Concurrent validity def?

A
  • concerned with the association between disorder and other symptoms, life circumstances/life events, and test performance
  • Ex. schizophrenia patients will usually have poor test performance and disrupted life circumstances at the same time
24
Q

Predictive validity def?

A
  • concerned with the accuracy of predicting future outcomes
  • Does knowing the disorder give us a good chance of knowing which treatment would be most effective?
25
Q

Psychological assessment def?

A
  • process of collecting and interpreting info that will be used to understand (diagnose) another person
26
Q

Types of psychological assessment? (5 examples)

A
  • Projective tests
  • Interviews
  • Observational procedures
  • Personality Tests and Self report
  • Physiology (biological) assessment
27
Q

Barnum effect def?

A
  • practice of saying very vague things ab a person that are true of virtually all people
  • people tend to accept those statements as true about themselves without thinking critically
  • ex. sometimes lacks self-confidence, sometimes has unrealistic expectations
28
Q

Projective tests: what are they? based on what? example?

A
  • based on psychodynamic theory
  • indirect method of assessment using ambiguous stimuli
  • expect patients to project things from their subconscious that they can’t/won’t verbally tell you

ex. inkblot test

29
Q

Projective tests: advantages vs limitations? (3 each)

A

Advantages:
- Talk to people who are reluctant or unable
- Unique source of information
- Access to unconscious thoughts and feelings

Limitations:
- Interpretation is subjective
–> Low inter-rater reliability
- Questionable validity
- Often over-pathologizes

30
Q

Interviews: what are used they for? Specific kind?

A
  • To aid in making diagnoses
  • Collect history, social context
  • Structured clinical interview for DSM-5
31
Q

Interviews: 5 advantages?

A
  • Control interactions
  • Observe non-verbal behavior
  • Efficient
  • Conducted in a variety of settings
  • ask patient for their own experiences
32
Q

Interviews: 3 limitations?

A
  • Some people may be unable or unwilling to report problems
    → Not forthcoming with information
    → Shame, embarrassment, mistrust, etc
    → Sometimes people can’t quantify their behavior, don’t have insight
  • Tendency to report socially desirable behavior
  • Rely on subjective report
33
Q

Observational procedures: what are they? what do they do? how is it quantified?

A
  • observe client and their behaviors, usually in the natural environment (ex. home, school)
  • frequently ask other people, like parents / teachers
  • quantifying behavior:
    → Rating scales (intensity, subjective)
    → Behavioral coding (frequency, more objective)
34
Q

Informal vs formal observational procedures?

A

Informal:
- observing in natural environment
- generally qualitative observations (not freq. or intensity of behaviors)

Formal:
- psychologist-created environment / situation
- behavior is infrequent or occurs when observer cannot be present
- observer makes it happen artificially to see it

35
Q

Observation: 2 advantages?

A
  • Useful index of symptom severity and functional impairment
  • Detailed information about the person’s behavior
36
Q

Observation: 5 limitations?

A
  • Time consuming and expensive
  • Observer bias
  • Reactivity → behavior changes when you know you’re being observed
  • Limits in generalization
    → Only one setting, not everyone’s responses, or responses in other settings
  • Some things are impossible to observe
    → Can’t observe internal feelings, etc
37
Q

Physiological Assessment: AKA? includes what sorts of things?

A

AKA:
- biological assessment
- studies peripheral physiology

Includes:
- Heart rate
- Skin conductance
- Respiration
- Can be done while sleeping

Psych 354 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions