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Psych 354 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Paradigm def?

A

Set of assumptions about…
1. The substance of a theory
2. How scientists should collect data and test theoretical propositions (methods)

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2
Q

4 major psychological paradigms?

A
  1. Psychoanalytic (/dynamic)
  2. Cognitive behavioral
  3. Humanistic
  4. Biological
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3
Q

Psychoanalytic vs psychodynamic refers to what?

A

Psychoanalytic ONLY refers to Freud

Psychodynamic refers to modifications and revisions of his work by his students

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4
Q

Psychoanalytic paradigm: (abnormal behavior caused by___? Emphasizes…?)

A
  • abnormal behavior caused by unconscious mental conflicts
  • emphasizes early childhood experiences & family
  • emphasized unconscious drives (id, ego, superego)
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5
Q

Id def?

A
  • biological drives (hunger) and 2 physical drives → sex & aggression
  • operates on pleasure principle
    → impulses seek instant gratification, cause discomfort until satisfied
  • unconscious
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6
Q

Ego def?

A
  • part of personality that deals with reality of the world as it attempts to fulfill impulses of the id
  • operates on reality principle
  • develops in the first year of life and continues to evolve
  • conscious awareness
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7
Q

Superego def?

A
  • roughly equal to conscience
  • societal standards of behavior → rules
  • conflict between S & E → moral anxiety
  • conflict between I & E → neurotic anxiety
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8
Q

Defense mechanism def? Examples?

A
  • unconscious self-deceptions that reduce conscious anxiety by distorting anxiety-producing memories, emotions, and impulses

Healthy:
- sublimation (acceptable outlets)
- rationalization

Unhealthy:
- projection
- denial
- displacement

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9
Q

Problems & important contributions of psychoanalytic?

A

Problems:
- theories are difficult to examine empirically or test
- there’s very little research on it (so its lost popularity)

Contributions:
- innovative ideas about unconscious processes
- early childhood experiences shaping emotional health

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10
Q

Cognitive behavioral paradigm: (abnormal behavior caused by___? Emphasizes__?)

A
  • abnormal behavior is a result of learning
  • emphasizes result of thoughts
  • william wundt - first psych lab
  • learning:
    → Classical conditioning (pavlov)
    → Operant conditioning (skinner)
    → pos/neg punishment/reinforcement
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11
Q

Biological paradigm:

A
  • focus on brain (structures & neurochem) and genes
  • behavior genetics!
  • almost all disorders have genetic influence (some very strong), but almost none are solely genetic
  • not just 1 gene correlated to any disorder
  • can be biological without being genetic → brain injury
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12
Q

3 steps of the medical model from bio paradigm?

A
  1. diagnosing accurately
  2. identifying a specific biological cause for disease
  3. developing treatments that prevent, eliminate, or alter the cause
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13
Q

Behavior genetics def?

A

Study of genetic contributions to the development of normal and abnormal behaviors

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14
Q

Types of studies in biological paradigm? (5)

A
  1. Family incidence studies
  2. Twin studies
  3. Adoption studies
  4. Genome wide associations
  5. Candidate gene studies
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15
Q

Family incidence studies?

A
  • do disorders run in families?
    1. identify “proband” or index person
    2. identify proportion of family w/ disorders

*proband comparison example data will be on exam

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16
Q

Twin studies? Concordance def?

A
  • MZ twins → 100% DNA
  • DZ twins → 50% DNA
  • Concordance → both twins have the same diagnosis (or lack thereof)
  • if MZ are more concordant, disorder is more genetic
    → entirely genetic would be 100% concordance rate
  • if MZ & DZ are highly concordant, disorder is based on shared environment
17
Q

Adoption studies? Potential issue?

A
  • if concordance high between kid & bio parent, disorder is genetic
  • if concordance high between kid & adoptive parent, disorder is based on shared environment

*have to pay attention to situations where family members adopt

18
Q

Genome wide association vs Candidate gene studies?

A
  • both look at genetic variation among genes
  • GWA looks at the entire genome, massive amounts of data
  • CGS looks at specific genes that are relevant to a specific disorder
19
Q

Humanistic paradigm?

A
  • behavior product of free will
  • rejects determinism → behavior caused by potentially knowable factors
    (*other paradigms believe this)
  • believes in basic goodness of human nature
20
Q

Systems theory:

A
  • AKA biopsychosocial theory
  • disorders are caused by multiple factors
  • generally agreed upon theory
  • integrates evidence from other domains of behavior causality
21
Q

Reciprocal Gene-environment model?

A
  • Genes and environment affect each other
  • Genes affect environment one would seek out
  • environmental factors may bring out genetic predisposition
22
Q

Epigenetics?

A
  • trait variation caused by modification of gene expression
  • instructions that affect how the cell reads DNA & genes
  • whether a gene is expressed can depend on external factors
23
Q

Systems theory → causality models

A
  • equifinality
  • multifinality
  • reciprocal causality
  • diathesis stress model
24
Q

Equifinality def?

A

different causes for the same disorder

ex. Depression can be caused by death of a parent, genetics, loss of job

25
Q

Multifinality def?

A

same causal factor but different outcomes

ex. Earthquake can lead to a phobia, PTSD, depression, no disorder at all

26
Q

Reciprocal causality def?

A

causality is bidirectional

Parents being strict → kids acting out
Kids acting out → parents becoming more strict

27
Q

Diathesis stress model def?

A
  • Diathesis: existing vulnerability that precedes stressor
  • Stress: any event that triggers the onset of disturbance
  • Stress + predisposition = disorder
  • Without both, the disorder would not occur
28
Q

Premorbid history def?

A

pattern of behavior that precedes onset of disorder

29
Q

Reticular activating system does what? Where?

A
  • regulates sleep & wake
  • located in midbrain
30
Q

Midbrain involved in control of what 2 important things?

A
  1. fighting
  2. sex
31
Q

Limbic system regulates what? What is a part of it? Where is it?

A
  • regulates emotion and learning
  • includes amygdala and hypothalamus
  • links forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
32
Q

What is a stroke?

A

blood vessels in the brain rupture, cutting off the supply of oxygen to parts of the brain and killing surrounding tisue

33
Q

Endocrine system regulates what?

A
  • physical growth
  • sexual development
  • stress response
34
Q

Sympathetic NS vs parasympathetic NS do what?

A

Sympathetic → arousal
Parasympathetic → slowing down, energy conservation

35
Q

Disorders are polygenic… meaning?

A
  • influenced by multiple genes
36
Q

6 categories of psychological factors that affect mental health?

A
  1. human nature
  2. temperament
  3. emotion
  4. learning and cognition
  5. sense of self
  6. human development
37
Q

Attachment theory?

A
  • bowlby, based on human nature
  • insecure or anxious attachment types are considered abnormal behavior
  • product of inconsistent and/or unresponsive parenting during the first year of life
38
Q

Temperament styles? (OCEAN)

A
  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism
39
Q

Labeling theory def?

A
  • Emotional disorders themselfs are enactments of prescribed social roles
  • people’s actions conform to expectations created by the label

Psych 354 (10 decks)

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