Chapter 2

Question 1

Paradigm def?

Answer 1

Set of assumptions about…
1. The substance of a theory
2. How scientists should collect data and test theoretical propositions (methods)

Question 2

4 major psychological paradigms?

Answer 2

1. Psychoanalytic (/dynamic)
2. Cognitive behavioral
3. Humanistic
4. Biological

Question 3

Psychoanalytic vs psychodynamic refers to what?

Answer 3

Psychoanalytic ONLY refers to Freud

Psychodynamic refers to modifications and revisions of his work by his students

Question 4

Psychoanalytic paradigm: (abnormal behavior caused by___? Emphasizes…?)

Answer 4

• abnormal behavior caused by unconscious mental conflicts
• emphasizes early childhood experiences & family
• emphasized unconscious drives (id, ego, superego)

Question 5

Id def?

Answer 5

• biological drives (hunger) and 2 physical drives → sex & aggression
• operates on pleasure principle
  → impulses seek instant gratification, cause discomfort until satisfied
• unconscious

Question 6

Ego def?

Answer 6

• part of personality that deals with reality of the world as it attempts to fulfill impulses of the id
• operates on reality principle
• develops in the first year of life and continues to evolve
• conscious awareness

Question 7

Superego def?

Answer 7

• roughly equal to conscience
• societal standards of behavior → rules
• conflict between S & E → moral anxiety
• conflict between I & E → neurotic anxiety

Question 8

Defense mechanism def? Examples?

Answer 8

• unconscious self-deceptions that reduce conscious anxiety by distorting anxiety-producing memories, emotions, and impulses

Healthy:
- sublimation (acceptable outlets)
- rationalization

Unhealthy:
- projection
- denial
- displacement

Question 9

Problems & important contributions of psychoanalytic?

Answer 9

Problems:
- theories are difficult to examine empirically or test
- there’s very little research on it (so its lost popularity)

Contributions:
- innovative ideas about unconscious processes
- early childhood experiences shaping emotional health

Question 10

Cognitive behavioral paradigm: (abnormal behavior caused by___? Emphasizes__?)

Answer 10

• abnormal behavior is a result of learning
• emphasizes result of thoughts
• william wundt - first psych lab
• learning:
  → Classical conditioning (pavlov)
  → Operant conditioning (skinner)
  → pos/neg punishment/reinforcement

Question 11

Biological paradigm:

Answer 11

• focus on brain (structures & neurochem) and genes
• behavior genetics!
• almost all disorders have genetic influence (some very strong), but almost none are solely genetic
• not just 1 gene correlated to any disorder
• can be biological without being genetic → brain injury

Question 12

3 steps of the medical model from bio paradigm?

Answer 12

1. diagnosing accurately
2. identifying a specific biological cause for disease
3. developing treatments that prevent, eliminate, or alter the cause

Question 13

Behavior genetics def?

Answer 13

Study of genetic contributions to the development of normal and abnormal behaviors

Question 14

Types of studies in biological paradigm? (5)

Answer 14

1. Family incidence studies
2. Twin studies
3. Adoption studies
4. Genome wide associations
5. Candidate gene studies

Question 15

Family incidence studies?

Answer 15

• do disorders run in families?
  1. identify “proband” or index person
  2. identify proportion of family w/ disorders

*proband comparison example data will be on exam

Question 16

Twin studies? Concordance def?

Answer 16

• MZ twins → 100% DNA
• DZ twins → 50% DNA
• Concordance → both twins have the same diagnosis (or lack thereof)
• if MZ are more concordant, disorder is more genetic
  → entirely genetic would be 100% concordance rate
• if MZ & DZ are highly concordant, disorder is based on shared environment

Question 17

Adoption studies? Potential issue?

Answer 17

• if concordance high between kid & bio parent, disorder is genetic
• if concordance high between kid & adoptive parent, disorder is based on shared environment

*have to pay attention to situations where family members adopt

Question 18

Genome wide association vs Candidate gene studies?

Answer 18

• both look at genetic variation among genes
• GWA looks at the entire genome, massive amounts of data
• CGS looks at specific genes that are relevant to a specific disorder

Question 19

Humanistic paradigm?

Answer 19

• behavior product of free will
• rejects determinism → behavior caused by potentially knowable factors
  (*other paradigms believe this)
• believes in basic goodness of human nature

Question 20

Systems theory:

Answer 20

• AKA biopsychosocial theory
• disorders are caused by multiple factors
• generally agreed upon theory
• integrates evidence from other domains of behavior causality

Question 21

Reciprocal Gene-environment model?

Answer 21

• Genes and environment affect each other
• Genes affect environment one would seek out
• environmental factors may bring out genetic predisposition

Question 22

Epigenetics?

Answer 22

• trait variation caused by modification of gene expression
• instructions that affect how the cell reads DNA & genes
• whether a gene is expressed can depend on external factors

Question 23

Systems theory → causality models

Answer 23

• equifinality
• multifinality
• reciprocal causality
• diathesis stress model

Question 24

Equifinality def?

Answer 24

different causes for the same disorder

ex. Depression can be caused by death of a parent, genetics, loss of job

Question 25

Multifinality def?

Answer 25

same causal factor but different outcomes ex. Earthquake can lead to a phobia, PTSD, depression, no disorder at all

Question 26

Reciprocal causality def?

Answer 26

causality is bidirectional Parents being strict → kids acting out Kids acting out → parents becoming more strict

Question 27

Diathesis stress model def?

Answer 27

- Diathesis: existing vulnerability that precedes stressor - Stress: any event that triggers the onset of disturbance - Stress + predisposition = disorder - Without both, the disorder _would not occur_

Question 28

Premorbid history def?

Answer 28

pattern of behavior that precedes onset of disorder

Question 29

Reticular activating system does what? Where?

Answer 29

- regulates sleep & wake - located in midbrain

Question 30

Midbrain involved in control of what 2 important things?

Answer 30

1. fighting 2. sex

Question 31

Limbic system regulates what? What is a part of it? Where is it?

Answer 31

- regulates emotion and learning - includes amygdala and hypothalamus - links forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

Question 32

What is a stroke?

Answer 32

blood vessels in the brain rupture, cutting off the supply of oxygen to parts of the brain and killing surrounding tisue

Question 33

Endocrine system regulates what?

Answer 33

- physical growth - sexual development - stress response

Question 34

Sympathetic NS vs parasympathetic NS do what?

Answer 34

Sympathetic → arousal Parasympathetic → slowing down, energy conservation

Question 35

Disorders are polygenic... meaning?

Answer 35

- influenced by multiple genes

Question 36

6 categories of psychological factors that affect mental health?

Answer 36

1. human nature 2. temperament 3. emotion 4. learning and cognition 5. sense of self 6. human development

Question 37

Attachment theory?

Answer 37

- bowlby, based on human nature - insecure or anxious attachment types are considered abnormal behavior - product of inconsistent and/or unresponsive parenting during the first year of life

Question 38

Temperament styles? (OCEAN)

Answer 38

1. Openness to experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism

Question 39

Labeling theory def?

Answer 39

- Emotional disorders themselfs are enactments of prescribed social roles - people's actions conform to expectations created by the label