Chapter 3

Question 1

Psychodynamic paradigm: what therapies are included?

Answer 1

• psychoanalysis
• psychodynamic therapy
• interpersonal therapy

Question 2

Psychoanalytic underlying personality theories?

Answer 2

• structural drive theory → id, ego, superego
• developmental theory → personality formed during childhood as a result of experiences during psychosexual stages of development
  → frustration during any stage causes psychopathology

Question 3

Psychoanalysis goals:

Answer 3

• Non-directive
• insight, want people to become aware of their basic needs
• NOT to get rid of defenses
• Reduce or eliminate pathological symptoms by bringing the unconscious into conscious awareness

Question 4

Psychoanalysis main components:

Answer 4

• interpretation of free association and dreams, resistances, and transferences

Question 5

Psychoanalysis updates:

Answer 5

• declined greatly (tho some regional differences)
  → extremely time consuming (3+/week)
  → very little research on it
• modifications to it are psychodynamic
  → young
  → erik ericson → personality develops through adulthood

Question 6

Psychodynamic treatments:

Answer 6

• tend to be very brief
• target a specific problem
• therapist more actively involved
• more collaborative dynamic
• therapeutic alliance

Question 7

Humanistic orientation?

Answer 7

• oppose other orientations’ views as pessimistic / deterministic
• Focus on human qualities like human free will
• Carl Rogers very important

Question 8

Humanistic therapies:

Answer 8

• emphasize importance of understanding client’s experience
• client focused
• relationship is authentic, genuine, collaborative
• self-actualization → people can reach their full potential
• focus on CURRENT behaviors (opposed to childhood)

Question 9

Humanistic underlying personality theory:

Answer 9

• focus on notion of self
• people responsible for their own life
• NOT focused on diagnosis
• look at maladaptive / incongruent behavior

Question 10

Humanistic therapy goals?

Answer 10

• be self actualized
• be self aware
• therapists can’t solve your problems, you can

Question 11

Humanistic therapy components?

Answer 11

• Genuineness, communicating honestly
• Accurate empathy, see as client does
• Non-directive
• Unconditional positive regard
  → genuinely care about client
  → accept without judgment

Question 12

Therapeutic alliance def?

Answer 12

bond between a therapist and client

Question 13

Cognitive behavioral orientation personality theory?

Answer 13

• NOT based on personality theory!!!
• instead, rooted in cognitive psych
• Thoughts / behaviors / feelings all impact each other all the time
• they can be monitored and changed

Question 14

CBT goals?

Answer 14

• help clients learn new ways of thinking, acting, and feeling
• learn skills

Question 15

CBT commonly included components? (Focused on __?)

Answer 15

• therapist - directed
• Focused on the present
• Establishing rapport and trust
• Psychoeducation
• Goal setting
• Collecting background info
• Teaching skills
• Collaborative empiricism

Question 16

CBT common procedure for depression?

Answer 16

• monitor maladaptive thoughts
• consider antecedents/consequences
• evaluate support
• substitute rational alternative cognitions

Question 17

Examples of CBT treatments?

Answer 17

Exposure treatments:
- Systematic desensitization (for phobias)
- Flooding (also phobias)

Aversion therapy:
- create unpleasant response to stimuli
- treats substance use disorder

Contingency management:
- linking behavior to consequences
- reward/punish certain behaviors

Cognitive based:
- Attribution retraining
- Beck’s cog. therapy –> depression based on errors in thinking

Question 18

Third wave CBT therapies focus?

Answer 18

• extension of CTB
• focuses on how people relate to internal experiences
• not trying to change thoughts, just accept them
• incorporates mindfulness & acceptance

Question 19

CBT outcomes?

Answer 19

• short-term, goal-directed treatment
• progress is monitored
• effective with many disorders
  → esp. depression / anxiety
• performs as well as medications
  → longer lasting effects

Question 20

Biological treatments → psychopharmacology def?

Answer 20

• Chemicals that interact with the central nervous system, producing change in mood, consciousness, perception, and/or behavior
• Can increase or decrease production or transmission of neurotransmitters

Question 21

Anti-psychotic medication: uses? how do they work? side effects?

Answer 21

• Used primarily for schizophrenia to reduce delusions/hallucinations (positive symptoms)
• Also used for other disorders
  → bipolar, alzheimers, etc.
• Reduce dopamine by blocking dopamine receptors

Side effects: (pretty bad)
- Weight gain
- Tardive Dyskinesia → involuntary movement of the face/body
- Getting off the medication doesn’t always stop the side effect!

Question 22

Types of psych meds?

Answer 22

• Antipsychotic
• Antidepressants
• Mood stabilizers
  ex. lithium
• Sedative-hypnotic
• Psycho-stimulant
  ex. adhd

Question 23

Problems with medication?

Answer 23

• compliance
  → think they’re cured & stop taking it
  → unhappy with side effects
• some people don’t respond to meds
• right dosage
• relapse rates high following discontinuation

Question 24

Efficacy vs effectiveness:

Answer 24

Efficacy: does it work under ideal circumstances
- no comorbidities/complications
- structures sessions, little variability

Effectiveness: does it work IRL
- more variability in providers
- more variability in practices/settings
- comorbidities
- always less than efficacy rate

Question 25

Allegiance effect?

Answer 25

tendency of researchers to find that their favorite treatment is the most effective

Question 26

2 predictors of the effectiveness of therapy?

Answer 26

1. length of treatment
   –> if it’s going to be effective, the improvement generally happens in the first several months of treatment
2. Client demographics
   –> YAVIS = young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, successful
   –> most likely to have good outcomes in therapy