Chapter 1

Question 1

Symptoms def?

Answer 1

Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that indicate a mental disorder

Question 2

Syndrome def?

Answer 2

a group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder

Question 3

Etiology def?

Answer 3

the cause(s) of a disease/disorder

Question 4

2 features used to determine magnitude of abnormality?

Answer 4

1. Duration and frequency → (how long have they been there, how often do they appear)
2. Functional impairment → (how much are they impacting daily life or normal activities)

Question 5

2 incorrect/insufficient ways of defining abnormal behavior?

Answer 5

1. Personal distress –> subjective discomfort
2. Statistical norms –> relative frequency in a population

Question 6

Problems with defining based on personal distress?

Answer 6

• not enough to define by itself
• some people don’t know ab their symptoms
• distress doesn’t create a disorder
  –> ex. anxiety over test

Question 7

Problems with defining based on statistical norms?

Answer 7

• something can be rare without being a problem
• something can be rare and desirable
  –> ex. talent, intelligence, etc.
• doesn’t specify how rare it needs to be to qualify

Question 8

Harmful dysfunction model def / components?

Answer 8

Condition is only a disorder if…

1. Results from failure of some internal mechanism, biological or psychological (dysfunction)
2. Causes harm to the person as judged by the standards of their culture (harmful)

Question 9

Harmful dysfunction model problems?

Answer 9

• we don’t know how all the things are supposed to function properly
• definition treats harm as dichotomous
  –> harm or no harm
  –> IRL its a spectrum

Question 10

How does DSM identify disorders? (uses ___, ignores ___, depends on ___)

Answer 10

• identified based on symptoms
• causes (etiology) often unknown, and/or unimportant to diagnosis
• depends on observations and descriptions, often from the patient themselves too

Question 11

DSM definition –> 5 defining characteristics?

Answer 11

1. Symptoms → disturbance of cognition, behavior, or emotional regulation
2. Clinically significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or functional life
3. Dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes associated with mental processing
4. Not expectable response to common stressors or losses
5. Not primarily a result of social deviance or conflicts with society

Question 12

Etic vs. emic –> what are they? which is which?

Answer 12

• perspectives on how to study abnormal behavior
• eTic –> ouTsider’s
• eMic –> iNsider’s

Question 13

Etic perspective

Answer 13

• OUTsider
• pre-existing info
• outsiders are asking questions and gathering data
• ex. dentistry

Question 14

Emic perspective

Answer 14

• INsider
• members of culture are best source of information

Question 15

Problem - suppression facilitation model def?

Answer 15

• social pressures suppress some behaviors and facilitate others
• Also affects how a caregiver views their child’s behavior
• ex. study between US and Jamaica

Question 16

Epidemiology def?

Answer 16

study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population

Question 17

Comorbidity def?

Answer 17

manifestation of more than one disorder

Question 18

Incidence def?

Answer 18

number of new cases of a disorder that occur in a population within a specific period

Question 19

Prevalence def?

Answer 19

total number of active cases (old and new) present in the population at a given time

Question 20

Lifetime prevalence def?

Answer 20

total proportion of people in the population who have been affected by the disorder at some point in their lives

Question 21

Global burden of disease def?

Answer 21

Mortality and disability (measured in years) (effect of disease)

Question 22

What 2 big changes happened in the 1950s?

Answer 22

1. people became aware of the conditions in state mental hospitals
2. invention of effective antipsychotic medications

Question 23

Community mental health act (1963) did what?

Answer 23

• provided funding for community mental health centers
• goal was to transfer patients from state hospitals to community centers

Problems:
- state hospitals closed
- community centers didn’t always receive enough funding, have enough doctors/providers
- there wasn’t always somewhere for the patients to go

Question 24

4 conclusions about the role of culture in disorders?

Answer 24

1. All disorders are shaped, somewhat, by cultural factors
2. No disorders are entirely due to culture/society
3. Psychotic disorders are less influenced by culture than nonpsychotic ones
4. Symptoms are more likely to vary across cultures than the disorders themselves

Question 25

What is Hippocratic theory/tradition about mental health?

Answer 25

• he believed mental illnesses had a biological/physical cause, just like a physical illness

Question 26

Creation of large, city based mental institutions occurred mainly when? Based on what philosophy?

Answer 26

• 1800s, between 1830-1870
• based on philosophy of moral treatment