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A&P 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

collection of similar cells and extracellular substances surrounding them

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2
Q

Four primary tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

histology

A

microscopic study of tissues

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4
Q

endoderm

A

inner germ layer, lines digestive tract

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5
Q

ectoderm

A

outer germ layer, forms skin (neuroectoderm- nervous sys)

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6
Q

mesoderm

A

middle germ layer, forms tissues (muscle, bone, blood vessels)

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues derived from?

A

Each of the three germ layers (mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm)

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8
Q

Epithelium

A

cells with little extracellular matrix. Covers surfaces. Basement membrane with no blood vessels.

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9
Q

Basement membrane

A

secreted by epithelial cells and attaches the epithelium to underlying tissue

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10
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A

protect underlying structures, act as barriers, permit some substances to pass through layers, secrete substances, absorb substances

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11
Q

Simple epithelium

A

single layer of cells
- diffusion, filtration, secretion or absorption

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12
Q

stratified epithelium

A

two or more layers of cells
-protective role

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13
Q

pseudo stratified epithelium

A

single layer of cells that appear stratified

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14
Q

cells can be what 3 shapes

A

squamous (flat), cuboidal or columnar

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15
Q

stratified squamous epithelium can be..

A

nonkeratinized or keratinized

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16
Q

transitional epithelium is..

A

stratified with cells that can change shape from cuboidal to flattened

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17
Q

squamous cells function …

A

diffusion and filtration

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18
Q

cuboidal or columnar cells

A

have larger cell volume (many organelle) secrete or absorb

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19
Q

smooth free surface

A

reduces friction (mesothelium/endothelium)

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20
Q

microvilli

A

increase absorption (intestines)

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21
Q

cilia

A

moves materials across free surface (respiratory tract and uterine tubes)

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22
Q

transitional epithelium

A

has folded surface that allows cell to change shape and # of cells to change

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23
Q

cells are bound together by..

A

mechanically by glycoproteins, desmosomes and adhesion belts and to basement membrane.

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24
Q

tight junctions

A

form permeability barrier

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25
Q

gap junctions

A

allow intercellular communication

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26
Q

glands

A

organs that secrete

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27
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete through ducts

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28
Q

endocrine glands

A

release hormones that are absorbed directly into blood

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29
Q

Glands are classified as…

A

-multicellular or unicellular
-mode of secretion

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30
Q

Goblet cells

A

unicellular glands

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31
Q

multicellular exocrine glands

A

-have ducts, simple or compound
-ducts are tubular or end in small sacs (acini/alveoli).
-Tubular - straight or coiled

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32
Q

Meocrine glands

A

-pancreas
-secrete substances as they are produced

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33
Q

apocrine glands

A

-mammary glands
accumulate secretions that are released when a portion of the cell pinches off

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34
Q

holocrine glands

A

-sebaceous glands
accumulate secretions that are released when the cell ruptures and dies

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35
Q

connective tissue

A

distinguished by extracellular matrix
- enclose/separate organs and tissues
-connect tissues to one another
-help support/move body parts
-store compounds
-cushion/insulate body
-transport substances
-protect against toxins and injury

36
Q

extracellular matrix

A

Protein fibers, ground substance, fluid

37
Q

connective tissue contains

A

adipocytes, mast cells, white blood cells, macrophages, and mesenchymal cells (stem cells)

38
Q

-blast cells

A

form matrix

39
Q

-cyte cells

A

maintain matrix

40
Q

-clast cells

A

break matrix down

41
Q

Collagen fibrils

A

join to form collagen fibers. resemble ropes. strong/flexible but resist stretching

42
Q

reticular fibers

A

fine collagen fibers that form branching network that supports other cells and tissues

43
Q

elastic fibers

A

structure like spring. after stretched, return to original shape

44
Q

elastic fibers

A

structure like spring. after stretched, return to original shape

45
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

ground substance major components
- makes fluids slippery

46
Q

Proteoglycan

A

-ground substance major component
-aggregates trap water
-allows tissues to return to original shape

47
Q

adhesive molecules

A

-ground substance major component
-hold proteoglycans together and to plasma membrane

48
Q

connective tissue is classified according to..

A

type/proportions of cells, extracellular matrix fibers, ground substance and fluid

49
Q

mesenchyme

A

Embryonic connective tissue
-consists of irregularly shaped cells and abundant matrix
-gives rise to adult connective tissue
-forms 3/4 week of development

50
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

-loose connective tissue
-different cell types, random arrangement of protein fibers with space b/w fibers. tissue fills space around organs and attaches the skin to underlying tissues

51
Q

adipose tissue

A

adipocytes filled with lipid and little extracellular matrix (few reticular fibers)
-energy storage, insulation and protection.
-Yellow or brown (generate heat)

52
Q

reticular tissue

A

network of reticular fibers.
framework of lymphatic tissue, bone marrow and liver

53
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

-one direction fibers (strength with parallel).
-Collagenous (tendons/ligaments)
-elastic (ligaments of vertebrae)

54
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

-fibers in all directions, strength in diff directions.
-collagenous(capsules of organs and dermis of skin)
-elastic (large arteries)

55
Q

cartilage

A

-rigid matrix (protein fibers/proteoglycan aggregates)
-chondrocyte (located within lacunae)

56
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

evenly dispersed collagen fibers (rigidity with some flexibility).
-ends of bones in joints, growing portion of long bones, embryonic skeleton.

57
Q

fibrocartilage

A

collagen fibers in thick bundles
-withstand great pressure
-b/w vertebrae, jaw and knee

58
Q

elastic cartilage

A

contains elastin, similar to hyaline. more flexible than hyaline.
-external ear

59
Q

bone cells

A

osteocytes. located in lacunae surrounded by mineralized matrix (makes bone hard)
-spongey bone has spaces between trabeculae. compact bone is solid.

60
Q

blood cells

A

suspended in fluid matrix

61
Q

hemopoietic tissue

A

forms blood cells

62
Q

muscle tissue

A

ability to contract

63
Q

skeletal muscle

A

-striated voluntary
-muscle attaches to bone (responsible for body movement)
-long/cylindrical with many peripheral nuclei

64
Q

cardiac muscle

A

-striated involuntary
-cylindrical, branching cells with single central nucleus
-found in heart, responsible for pumping blood through circulatory system

65
Q

smooth muscle

A

-nonstriated involuntary
-forms walls of hollow organs, iris of eye
-spindle shape cell with single central nucleus

66
Q

nervous tissue

A

conducts electrical impulses and composed of neurons (conductive cells) and glia (support cells)

67
Q

dendrites

A

receive electrical impulses

68
Q

axons

A

conduct electrical impulses

69
Q

multipolar neuron

A

several dendrites and an axon

70
Q

bipolar neuron

A

one dendrite and one axon

71
Q

pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

one axon

72
Q

Tissue membrane details

A

-1 external (skin)
-3 internal (mucous, serous, synovial)

73
Q

mucus membrane

A

-epithelial cells, basement membrane, lamina propria. Sometimes smooth muscle cells.

-line cavities that open up to the outside and often contain mucous glands - secrete mucous.

74
Q

serous membrane

A

line cavities that do not open to the exterior and do not contain glands but do secrete serous fluid

75
Q

synovial membrane

A

formed by connective tissue, line joint cavities and secrete a lubricating fluid

76
Q

inflammation response symptoms

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain and disturbed function
- isolates injurious agents from rest of body and destroys agents

77
Q

tissue repair occurs by

A

regeneration or replacement
-substitution of viable cells for dead ones

78
Q

labile cells

A

divide throughout life and regenerate

79
Q

stable cells

A

do not ordinarily divide after growth is complete but can regenerate if necessary

80
Q

permanent cells

A

cannot replicate. if killed, permanent tissue is repaired by replacement

81
Q

primary union tissue repair

A

edges of would close together

82
Q

secondary union tissue repair

A

edges of wound are far apart

83
Q

age-related tissue changes

A

reduced rates of cell division and changes in extracellular fibers

84
Q

collagen fibers with age

A

less flexible and have less strength

85
Q

elastic fibers with age

A

become fragmented and less elastic

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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