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A&P 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the the outer boundary of the cell?

A

plasma membrane

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2
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

directs cell activities

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3
Q

Where is the cytoplasm?

A

between nucleus and the plasma membrane
-where most cell activities take place

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4
Q

Cells perform what functions..?

A

-Cells metabolize and release energy
-cells synthesize molecules
-cells provide a mean of communication
-cells reproduce and provide for inheritance

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5
Q

Light microscopes

A

allow us to visualize the general feature of cells
.1

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6
Q

electron microscopes

A

allow us to visualize the fine structure of cells

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7
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

-passively or actively regulates what enters or leaves the cell
-composed of phospholipid bilayer, where proteins are suspended (fluid-mosaic model)

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8
Q

What gives plasma membrane most of its structure/function?

A

lipids

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9
Q

What do membrane proteins function as?

A

-Marker molecules
-attachment proteins
-transport proteins
-receptor proteins
-enzymes

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10
Q

Transport proteins

A

-channel proteins
-carrier proteins
-ATP powered pumps

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11
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

-linked to and control channel proteins
-linked to G protein complexes which control numerous cellular activities

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12
Q

What passes through plasma membrane readily?

A

-Lipid-soluble molecules pass through by dissolving in the lipid bilayer.
-small molecules diffuse b/w phospholipid molecules of the plasma membrane

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13
Q

How are large non-lipid soluble molecules (glucose/amino acids) pass through membrane?

A

glucose/amino acids via transport proteins

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14
Q

How do large non-lipid soluble molecules, as well as whole cells, pass through membrane?

A

vesicles

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15
Q

diffusion

A

movement of a substance from a higher solute concentration to one of lower solute concentration (down concentration gradient)

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16
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

difference in solute concentration b/w two points divided by distance separating points

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17
Q

How does rate of diffusion increase?

A

increases with increase in concentration gradient, an increase in temp and decrease in molecular size, decrease in viscosity

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18
Q

What is end result of diffusion?

A

uniform distribution of molecules

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19
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

No, no expenditure of energy

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20
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane

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21
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

force required to prevent movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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22
Q

Isosmotic solutions

A

have same concentration of solute particles

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23
Q

hyperosmotic solutions

A

have greater concentration of solute particles

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24
Q

hyposmotic solutions

A

have lower concentration of solute particles

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25
Q

what happens to cells in isotonic solution?

A

neither shrink or swell

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26
Q

what happens to cells in hypertonic solution?

A

they shrink (crenate)

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27
Q

what happens to cells in hypotonic solution?

A

they swell and may burst (lyse)

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28
Q

mediated transport

A

movement of substance across membrane by means of transport protein
- large, water soluble molecules

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29
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

moves substances down their concentration gradient and does not require energy (ATP)

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30
Q

active transport

A

moves substances against their concentration gradient and req ATP
- exchange pump

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31
Q

exchange pump

A

active transport
moves substances in opposite directs across plasma membrane

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32
Q

secondary active transport

A

ion is moved across plasma membrane by active transport
-energy produced by ion diffusing back down its concentration gradient transports another molecule (glucose) against its concentration gradient

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33
Q

vesicular transport

A

movement of large volumes of substances across plasma membrane through formation or release of vesicles

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34
Q

endocytosis

A

Req energy. bulk movement of materials into cells
- phagocytosis
-pinocytosis

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35
Q

phagocytosis

A

bulk movement of solid material into cells by formation of vesicle

36
Q

pinocytosis

A

similar to phagocytosis except ingested material is much smaller and is in solution

37
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

allows for endocytosis of specific materials

38
Q

exocytosis

A

secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation
- req energy

39
Q

cytoplasm

A

material outside the nucleus and inside plasma membrane

40
Q

cytosol

A

fluid part (site of chem reactions), cytoskeleton, and cytoplasmic inclusions

41
Q

cytoskeleton

A

supports cell and responsible for cell movements.
consists of protein fibers

42
Q

microtubules

A

hollow tubes composed of protein tubulin
-form spindle fibers and are components of centrioles, cilia and flagella

43
Q

actin filaments

A

small protein fibrils that provide structure to cytoplasm and cause no cell movements

44
Q

intermediate filaments

A

protein fibers that provide structural strength to cells

45
Q

cytoplasmic inclusions

A

(lipochromes) are not surrounded by membranes

46
Q

nuclear envelope consists of what

A

double membrane with nuclear pores

47
Q

organelles

A

sub cellular structures specialized for specific functions

48
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and assoc proteins found inside nucleus

49
Q

DNA

A

hereditary material of the cell
controls cell activities by producing proteins through RNA

50
Q

Gene

A

portion of DNA molecule
determine proteins in a cell

51
Q

Nucleoli

A

consist of RNA and proteins and are sites of ribosomal subunit assembly

52
Q

ribosomes

A

consist of small/large subunits manufactured in nucleolus and assembled in cytoplasm
- sites of protein synthesis
-can be free or associated with endoplasmic reticulum

53
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

extension of outer membrane of nuclear envelope
-forms tubules or sacs (cisternae) through cell

54
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

has ribosomes and is a site of protein synthesis and modification

55
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid production, detoxification and calcium storage

56
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

series of closely packed, modified cisternae that modify, package and distribute lipids/proteins produced by endo reticulum

57
Q

secretory vesicles

A

membrane bound sacs that carry substances from golgi apparatus to plasma membrane, where contents of vesicles are released by exocytosis

58
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane bound sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes. Within cell, enzymes break down phagocytize material and nonfunctional organelles (autophagy)

59
Q

what digests extracellular material

A

enzymes released from cell by lysis or enzymes secreted from cell

60
Q

peroxisomes

A

membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids / enzymes that catalyze breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

61
Q

proteasomes

A

large, multi enzyme complexes, not bound by membranes that digest selected proteins within the cell

62
Q

mitochondria

A

major sties of production of ATP (cells use this as energy source)
-smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane with cristae.
-contain own DNA, produce some own proteins, and replicate independently of cell

63
Q

centrioles

A

cylindrical organelles located in the centrosome. specialized zone of cytoplasm that serves as site of microtubule formation

64
Q

spindle fibers

A

involved in separation of chromosomes during cell division

65
Q

cilia

A

facilitate movement of materials over surface of cell

66
Q

flagella

A

much longer than cilia, propel sperm cells

67
Q

microvilli

A

increase surface area of plasma membrane for absorption or secretion

68
Q

transcription

A

info in DNA is copied to form mRNA
-DNA unwinds- nucleotide pairing, produces pre-MRNA
-introns (non-coding seq) removed, exons (coding seq) spliced together during postranscriptional processing.
-modifications to end of mRNA occur

69
Q

translation

A

mRNA goes to ribosomes, to direct synthesis of proteins

70
Q

What does genetic code do?

A

specifies amino acids and consists of codons

71
Q

codons

A

sequences of 3 nucleotides in mRNA

72
Q

Translation

A

mRNA moves through nuclear pores to ribosomes
tRNA (carries amino acids) interacts with ribosome mRNA.
anticodons of tRNA bind to codons of mRNA and amino acids join to form protein.

73
Q

Posttranslational processing

A

pro proteins (some proenzymes) are modified into proteins, some are enzymes.

74
Q

Cells becoming specialized

A

b/c certain parts of DNA molecule are activated and some parts are not

75
Q

level of DNA activity is controlled by

A

(protein production) controlled internally or affected by regulatory substances secreted by other cells

76
Q

Life cycle’s stages

A

interphase and cell division

77
Q

Interphase

A

period b/w cell divisions. Time of DNA replication.
-DNA unwinds, each strand produces new DNA molecule

78
Q

cell division

A

-nuclear division and cytoplasmic division

79
Q

mitosis

A

replication of cells nucleus
- 4 phases
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

80
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cells cytoplasm
-begins with formation of cleavage furrow during anaphase.
-complete when plasma membrane comes together at equator- producing two new daughter cells

81
Q

Prophase

A

Stage 1 Mitosis
-chromatin condenses to become visible chromosomes.
-each chromosome contains two chromatin joined at centromere.
-centrioles move to opposite ends, astral fibers/spindle fibers form.
-nucleoli disappear, and nuclear envelope degenerates

82
Q

Metaphase

A

Stage 2 Mitosis
- chromosomes align at center of cell

83
Q

Anaphase

A

Stage 3 of Mitosis
Chromatids of each chromosome separate at centromere. Each chromatid is called chromosome. Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles.

84
Q

Telophase

A

Stage 4 Mitosis
- chromosomes unravel to become chromatin. The nuclear envelope and nucleoli reappear

85
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death.
cell # within various tissues is adjusted and controlled

86
Q

Aging is hypothesized from what

A

cellular clocks, death genes, DNA damage, free radicals, mitochondrial damage.

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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