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A&P 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

Mass

A

amount of matter in an object

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3
Q

Weight

A

force exerted by earths gravity on matter

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4
Q

Element

A

simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties

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5
Q

Atom

A

smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element. Only composed of one kind of atom.

-Proton
-Neutron
-Electron

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6
Q

Proton

A

positively charged atoms
In nucleus

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7
Q

Neutron

A

have no charge
In nucleus

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8
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged atoms
around nucleus in cloud

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9
Q

Atomic #

A

protons in atom (same as electrons)

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10
Q

Mass #

A

Protons + Neutrons =

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms with same atomic # but different mass # (Different Neutrons)

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12
Q

Atomic Mass

A

average mass that’s naturally occurring isotopes weighted according to abundance.

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13
Q

Mole

A

substances containing Avogadros # (6.022x10^23) of atoms, icons, or molecules.

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14
Q

Molar Mass

A

mass of 1 mole of the substance in grams (g)

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15
Q

Chemical behavior is determined by what

A

outermost electrons (outer shell called Valence Shell)
Inside layers - 2, Outside layers =8

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16
Q

Ions

A

atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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17
Q

Cation

A

Positive charged, atom that loses 1 or more electrons

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18
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged after accepting 1 or more electrons

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19
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Transfer of Electrons.
attraction of oppositely charged cation and anion to each other.

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20
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Shared electrons.

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21
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

when sharing of electrons is unequal and can produce polar molecule that is electrically asymmetric.

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22
Q

Molecule

A

two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that acts like independent unit

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23
Q

Compound

A

two or more different types of atoms chemically combined

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24
Q

molecular mass

A

adding up atomic masses of its atoms (or ions)

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25
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

weak attraction between H+ and H- or other polar molecule. Important in determining properties of water and 3D of large molecules

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26
Q

Solubility

A

ability of one substance to dissolve in another.

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27
Q

Electrolytes

A

ionic substances (with charge) that dissolve in water by dissociation

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28
Q

Nonelectrolytes

A

molecules that do not dissociate in water

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29
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

chemical combination of two or more substances to form a new larger substance. Small to Big.

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30
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

synthesis reaction where water is produced

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31
Q

Anabolism

A

sum of all synthesis reactions occur in body (ATP, proteins, carbs, lips etc)
growth, maintenance, repair, can’t do without

32
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

chemical breakdown of a larger substance to two or more different smaller substances. Big to small.

33
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

decomposition reaction in which water is depleted

34
Q

Catabolism

A

sum of all decomposition reactions in body.
Food digestion, breakdown of fat stores, foreign matter in blood etc.

35
Q

Reversible reactions

A

produce equilibrium condition where reactants vs products remains the same. Converted back to original.
rate of products form = rate of reverse reaction

36
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction

A

involve complete(ionic bond) or partial transfer (covalent) of electrons between atoms

37
Q

Energy

A

ability to do work (move matter)

38
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy (ball in hand at arms length)

39
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy resulting from movement of an object. (ball released from hand falls towards floor and back to hand)

40
Q

Mechanical energy

A

position or movement of objects. (limb, breathing, circulating blood)

41
Q

Chemical energy

A
  • form of potential energy
  • when products contain more potential energy than require the input of energy
    -when products have less potential energy than reactants release energy
42
Q

Heat energy

A

-energy that flows between objects at different temperatures
-released in chemical reactions (responsible for body temp)

43
Q

Activation energy

A

minimum energy that reactants must have to start chem reaction

44
Q

enzymes

A

-specialized protein catalysts that lower activation energy for chem reactions.
- speed up chem reactions but are not consumed/altered during

45
Q

what increases rate of chem reactions?

A

increased temp & concentration

46
Q

Water

A

polar molecule of 1 atom of oxygen, 2 atoms of hydrogen
- form hydrogen bonds
-stabilizes body temp, protects against friction/trauma, makes chem reactions possible, directly participates in chem reactions (hydrolysis/dehydration), mixing medium (solutions, suspensions, colloids).

47
Q

mixture

A

combo of two or more substances physically blended together but not chem combined

48
Q

solution

A

any liquid, gas or solid - uniformly distributed with no clear boundary between the substances

49
Q

solute vs solvent

A

solute dissolves in solvent

50
Q

suspension

A

mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended together

51
Q

colloid

A

mixture where dispersed (solute like) substance is distributed throughout dispersing (solvent like) substance. particles do not settle out of a colloid.

52
Q

osmole

A

contains avogrado’s # (6.022 x 10^23) of particles (atoms, ions, molecules) in 1 kg of water

53
Q

milliosmole

A

1/1000 of osmole

54
Q

Acids vs bases - donates/accepts

A

Acid: Proton H+ donors
Base: OH- are proton acceptors

55
Q

Strong vs weak Acid/Base

A

strong acid/base almost completely dissociates in water. a weak acid/base partially dissociates

56
Q

Neutral Solution

A

H+ = OH- , pH 7

57
Q

Acidic solutions

A

H+ > OH- , pH <7 less than

58
Q

Basic or Alkaline solutions

A

H+ < OH- , pH > 7 greater than

59
Q

salt

A

molecule consisting of cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-.
salts form when acids react with bases

60
Q

buffer

A

solution of conjugate acid-base pairs that resist changes in PH when acids or bases are added to solution

61
Q

organic molecules contain what

A

carbon and hydrogen bound together by covalent bonds

62
Q

monosaccharides

A

building blocks of other carbs.
Ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, fructose, galactose.
(glucose esp important)

63
Q

disaccharide

A

molecules formed by dehydration reactions of two monosaccharides. Broken apart by hydrolysis.
Sucrose, lactose, maltose

64
Q

polysaccharide

A

composed of many monosaccharides bound together in long chain.
-cellulose, starch, glycogen

65
Q

triglycerides

A

composed of glycerol and fatty acids. 1,2,3 can attach to glycerol molecule
energy is stored in fats

66
Q

fatty acids

A

straight chains of carbon with carboxyl group.
can be saturated (1 single covalent bond b/w carbon) or unsaturated (have 1+ double covalent bonds b/w carbon)`

67
Q

phospholipids

A

lipids where fatty acid is replaced with phosphate containing molecule. phospholipids are major structural component of plasma

68
Q

steroids

A

are lipids with four interconnected rings.
cholesterol,bile salts, and sex hormones

69
Q

lipids

A

fat soluble vitamins, prostaglandins, thromboxjnes, and leukotrienes

70
Q

building block of protein

A

amino acids joined by peptide bonds

71
Q

what determines structure of a protein

A

1: #, kind, arrangement
2: hydrogen bonds b/w amino acids
3: hydrogen bonds b/w amino and water (helix)
4: interactions between protein subunits

72
Q

enzymes

A

protein catalysts that speed up chem reactions by lowering activation energy
- active sites only bind to specific reactants

73
Q

enzymes

A

protein catalysts that speed up chem reactions by lowering activation energy
- active sites only bind to specific reactants
- cofactors are ions/organic molecules (vitamins) that are req for some enzymes to function

74
Q

Nucleotide

A

basic unit of nucleic acid.
-monosaccharide with an attached phosphate and nitrogenous base
- deoxyribose, adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine.
- DNA is double strand of joined nucleotides (complementary/antiparallel)

75
Q

Gene

A

sequence of DNA nucleotides that determine structure of a protein or RNA

76
Q

RNA nucleotides

A
  • monosaccharide ribose
    -thymine of DNA is replaced with uracil
77
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

stores energy from catabolism. Energy released from ATP is used in anabolism and other cell processes.

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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