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A&P 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

investigates body structure. relationship b/w structure & function

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2
Q

Levels of Anatomy

A
  1. Developmental, Cytology, Histology, Gross Anatomy, Surface Anatomy, Anatomical Imaging
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3
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Structure changes from conception - adult

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4
Q

Cytology

A

microscope. Structure feature of cells

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5
Q

Histology

A

microscope. Tissues (cells & surrounding material)

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6
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

without micro. systematically or regionally.
Systematically: group of structures w/ 1+ common function (cardio,resp…)
Region: by area (head, abdomen, arm)

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7
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

looking @ exterior to visualize (sternum)

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8
Q

Anatomical Anatomy

A

Imaging. X-rays, MRI (pictures of internal structures), little risk for reward.

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9
Q

Anatomical Anomalies

A

physical characteristics that differ from normal

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10
Q

What is Physiology?

A

investigation of process/functions. Understand/predict body’s response to stimuli/ how body maintains condition with changing enviro. Systems over region.

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11
Q

Levels of Physiology

A
  1. Cell Physiology, Systemic Physiology,Pathology, Exercise Physiology
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12
Q

Cell Physiology

A

processes occurring in cells

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13
Q

Systemic Physiology

A

functions of organ systems (neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology)

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14
Q

Pathology

A

disease, causes/development, functional changes

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15
Q

Exercise Physiology

A

function/structure from exercise

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16
Q

Levels of Organization of Body

A

Chemical, Cell, Tissue , Organ, Organ System, Organism

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17
Q

Level: Chemical

A

atoms combine to form molecules. Building blocks of matter. (water, sugar, lipid, protein)

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18
Q

Level: Cell

A

molecules form organelles (small structures inside cells). (nucleus, mitochondria)

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19
Q

Level: Tissue

A

made up of similar cells & surrounding material. Characteristics determine function.
4 types- epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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20
Q

Level: Organ

A

different tissues combine to form organ. Perform 1+ common function. (urinary bladder etc)

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21
Q

Level: Organ system

A

organs make up system. viewed as unit.
Urinary: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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22
Q

Level: Organism

A

organ systems…. organism= human

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23
Q

6 Characteristics of Life

A

Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Reproduction

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24
Q

Characteristic: Organization

A

refers to specific interrelationships/how interact to preform functions. Disruption - loss of function/death

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25
Q

Characteristic: Metabolism

A

refers to all chemical reactions in Organism . Energy/cell shape

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26
Q

Characteristic: Responsiveness

A

organism sense change and responds, internal & external

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27
Q

Characteristic: Growth

A

increase in size/ # of cells - growth (muscles)

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28
Q

Characteristic: Development

A

organism changes from 0 to death.
Differentiation & Morphogenesis

29
Q

Characteristic Reproduction

A

formation of new cells/new organisms w/o reproduction of cells, no growth/development - extinct

30
Q

Differentiation

A

Characteristic of Development.
change in cell structure. immature cell to skin/bone/muscle. forms tissues/organs

31
Q

Morphogenesis

A

change of shape of tissue/organ. entire organism.

32
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

relatively constant environment within body. Actively regulates for changing conditions (variables, body temp) normal range surrounds set point. Disease disrupts.

33
Q

Negative Feedback

A

any change from set point is smaller/resisted
Ex: neg feedback during blood loss- heart rate increases, restores blood pressure.

34
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Recepter, control center, effector

35
Q

Receptor

A

monitors value of variables

36
Q

control center

A

brain establishes set point- hypothalamus

37
Q

effector

A

adjust value of variable-sweat glands. Changed variable - stimulus.

38
Q

Positive Feedback

A

response to stimulus results. greater deviation from set point
ex: birth - uterus stretching until contracting after baby is born
ex: blood clots during blood loss. Produces more clot but resources deplete and stops. Or else die b/c no blood can reach heart bc clotting

39
Q

How many systems are there in the body?

A

11

40
Q

Integumentary System

A

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D.
-Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

41
Q

Skeletal System

A

provides protection/support, allows body to move, produces blood cells, stores minerals/adipose
-bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

42
Q

Muscular System

A

body movements, posture, body heat
-muscles attached to skeleton by tendons

43
Q

Lymphatic System

A

removes toxins from blood/lymph, combats disease, tissue/fluid balance, fats/digestive
-Lymph vessels, nodes, lymph organs

44
Q

Respiratory system

A

exchanges oxygen/co2 between blood/air/regulates blood PH
-Lung, respiratory passages

45
Q

Digestive System

A

mech/chem process of digestion, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste
-Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs

46
Q

Nervous system

A

major regulatory influences metabolism, growth, and reproduction
-glands (pituitary) secrete hormones

47
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

transport nutrients, waste, gases, hormones throughout body, immune response, regulate body temp
-heart, blood vessels, blood

48
Q

Urinary System

A

removes waste from blood/regulates PH, Ion, water balance
-kidneys, bladder, ducts that carry urine

49
Q

Reproductive System

A

Female: oocytes, fertilization site, fetal development, milk, sex hormones function & behavior
- ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Male: production/transfer of sperm, hormones function & behavior
-testes, access structures, ducts, penis

50
Q

Quadrants in body

A

4
-Right Upper. -Left Upper (stomach)

-Right Lower (appendix) -Left Lower

51
Q

Regions in Body

A

9
Right Hypochondriac , Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac
Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
Right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

52
Q

Planes

A
  1. Saggital
  2. Transverse
  3. Frontal
53
Q

Saggital Plane

A

vertical separated, right/left

54
Q

Median (Saggital Plane)

A

equal vertical of left/right

55
Q

transverse plane

A

horizontal- parallel to ground
superior/inferior

56
Q

frontal plane (coronal)

A

vertical, anterior(front), posterior(back)

57
Q

Longitudinal Section Cut

A

cut through length of organ

58
Q

Transverse Section Cut

A

cross section, cut at right angle to length

59
Q

Oblique section cut

A

cut across length of organ other than right angle. (oval shape in intestine)

60
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Rib cage surrounds. Separated from abdominal by muscular diaphram

61
Q

Mediastinum

A

separates right/left thoracic cavity
-heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, lungs separated

62
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

-sometimes called Abdominal pelvic b/c no separation between abdominal/pelvic.
-Abdominal muscles enclose
Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney

63
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

pelvic bones encase
bladder, part of large intestine, interior reproductive

64
Q

Serous Membrane

A

lines trunk cavities/cover organs
Parietal (outer layer)
serous fluid in-between layers
Visceral (covering organs, inner layer)

65
Q

Pericardial (thoracic cavity)

A

heart
Parietal Pericardial
Visceral Pericardial

Pericarditis (inflamed serous membrane in pericardium)

66
Q

Pleural (thoracic cavity)

A

lungs
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura

pleurisy (inflamed pleural cavity membrane)

67
Q

Peritoneal (Abdominopelvic cavity)

A

abdomen/pelvic
Parietal peritoneal
visceral peritoneal

Peritonitis (inflamed peritoneal cavity membrane)

68
Q

mesenteries

A

anchor organs in place. provide passage way for blood vessels/nerves to organs.

some organs don’t have this…retropertioneal

69
Q

Retroperitoneal

A
  • behind peritoneum

some organs that don’t have mesenteries… kidneys, pancreas, part of intestines, urinary bladder, adrenal glands

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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