Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
investigates body structure. relationship b/w structure & function
Levels of Anatomy
- Developmental, Cytology, Histology, Gross Anatomy, Surface Anatomy, Anatomical Imaging
Developmental Anatomy
Structure changes from conception - adult
Cytology
microscope. Structure feature of cells
Histology
microscope. Tissues (cells & surrounding material)
Gross Anatomy
without micro. systematically or regionally.
Systematically: group of structures w/ 1+ common function (cardio,resp…)
Region: by area (head, abdomen, arm)
Surface Anatomy
looking @ exterior to visualize (sternum)
Anatomical Anatomy
Imaging. X-rays, MRI (pictures of internal structures), little risk for reward.
Anatomical Anomalies
physical characteristics that differ from normal
What is Physiology?
investigation of process/functions. Understand/predict body’s response to stimuli/ how body maintains condition with changing enviro. Systems over region.
Levels of Physiology
- Cell Physiology, Systemic Physiology,Pathology, Exercise Physiology
Cell Physiology
processes occurring in cells
Systemic Physiology
functions of organ systems (neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology)
Pathology
disease, causes/development, functional changes
Exercise Physiology
function/structure from exercise
Levels of Organization of Body
Chemical, Cell, Tissue , Organ, Organ System, Organism
Level: Chemical
atoms combine to form molecules. Building blocks of matter. (water, sugar, lipid, protein)
Level: Cell
molecules form organelles (small structures inside cells). (nucleus, mitochondria)
Level: Tissue
made up of similar cells & surrounding material. Characteristics determine function.
4 types- epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Level: Organ
different tissues combine to form organ. Perform 1+ common function. (urinary bladder etc)
Level: Organ system
organs make up system. viewed as unit.
Urinary: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Level: Organism
organ systems…. organism= human
6 Characteristics of Life
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Reproduction
Characteristic: Organization
refers to specific interrelationships/how interact to preform functions. Disruption - loss of function/death
Characteristic: Metabolism
refers to all chemical reactions in Organism . Energy/cell shape
Characteristic: Responsiveness
organism sense change and responds, internal & external
Characteristic: Growth
increase in size/ # of cells - growth (muscles)
Characteristic: Development
organism changes from 0 to death.
Differentiation & Morphogenesis
Characteristic Reproduction
formation of new cells/new organisms w/o reproduction of cells, no growth/development - extinct
Differentiation
Characteristic of Development.
change in cell structure. immature cell to skin/bone/muscle. forms tissues/organs
Morphogenesis
change of shape of tissue/organ. entire organism.
What is Homeostasis?
relatively constant environment within body. Actively regulates for changing conditions (variables, body temp) normal range surrounds set point. Disease disrupts.
Negative Feedback
any change from set point is smaller/resisted
Ex: neg feedback during blood loss- heart rate increases, restores blood pressure.
Negative Feedback Loop
Recepter, control center, effector
Receptor
monitors value of variables
control center
brain establishes set point- hypothalamus
effector
adjust value of variable-sweat glands. Changed variable - stimulus.
Positive Feedback
response to stimulus results. greater deviation from set point
ex: birth - uterus stretching until contracting after baby is born
ex: blood clots during blood loss. Produces more clot but resources deplete and stops. Or else die b/c no blood can reach heart bc clotting
How many systems are there in the body?
11
Integumentary System
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D.
-Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
Skeletal System
provides protection/support, allows body to move, produces blood cells, stores minerals/adipose
-bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
Muscular System
body movements, posture, body heat
-muscles attached to skeleton by tendons
Lymphatic System
removes toxins from blood/lymph, combats disease, tissue/fluid balance, fats/digestive
-Lymph vessels, nodes, lymph organs
Respiratory system
exchanges oxygen/co2 between blood/air/regulates blood PH
-Lung, respiratory passages
Digestive System
mech/chem process of digestion, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste
-Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
Nervous system
major regulatory influences metabolism, growth, and reproduction
-glands (pituitary) secrete hormones
Cardiovascular system
transport nutrients, waste, gases, hormones throughout body, immune response, regulate body temp
-heart, blood vessels, blood
Urinary System
removes waste from blood/regulates PH, Ion, water balance
-kidneys, bladder, ducts that carry urine
Reproductive System
Female: oocytes, fertilization site, fetal development, milk, sex hormones function & behavior
- ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Male: production/transfer of sperm, hormones function & behavior
-testes, access structures, ducts, penis
Quadrants in body
4
-Right Upper. -Left Upper (stomach)
-Right Lower (appendix) -Left Lower
Regions in Body
9
Right Hypochondriac , Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac
Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
Right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
Planes
- Saggital
- Transverse
- Frontal
Saggital Plane
vertical separated, right/left
Median (Saggital Plane)
equal vertical of left/right
transverse plane
horizontal- parallel to ground
superior/inferior
frontal plane (coronal)
vertical, anterior(front), posterior(back)
Longitudinal Section Cut
cut through length of organ
Transverse Section Cut
cross section, cut at right angle to length
Oblique section cut
cut across length of organ other than right angle. (oval shape in intestine)
Thoracic Cavity
Rib cage surrounds. Separated from abdominal by muscular diaphram
Mediastinum
separates right/left thoracic cavity
-heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, lungs separated
Abdominal Cavity
-sometimes called Abdominal pelvic b/c no separation between abdominal/pelvic.
-Abdominal muscles enclose
Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney
Pelvic Cavity
pelvic bones encase
bladder, part of large intestine, interior reproductive
Serous Membrane
lines trunk cavities/cover organs
Parietal (outer layer)
serous fluid in-between layers
Visceral (covering organs, inner layer)
Pericardial (thoracic cavity)
heart
Parietal Pericardial
Visceral Pericardial
Pericarditis (inflamed serous membrane in pericardium)
Pleural (thoracic cavity)
lungs
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
pleurisy (inflamed pleural cavity membrane)
Peritoneal (Abdominopelvic cavity)
abdomen/pelvic
Parietal peritoneal
visceral peritoneal
Peritonitis (inflamed peritoneal cavity membrane)
mesenteries
anchor organs in place. provide passage way for blood vessels/nerves to organs.
some organs don’t have this…retropertioneal
Retroperitoneal
- behind peritoneum
some organs that don’t have mesenteries… kidneys, pancreas, part of intestines, urinary bladder, adrenal glands
