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BIO > chapter 37 part 2 > Flashcards

chapter 37 part 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

energy…

A

flows

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2
Q

energy flows

A

energy from the sun can be stored in chemical bonds (photosynthesis) - used to do work and the rest is lost as heat
energy has to be continually added to the system

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3
Q

chemicals…

A

cycle

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4
Q

chemicals cycle

A

are recycled and used over and over again

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5
Q

biomass

A

the organic material in the ecosystem; living or was living (plant matter, animal bodies etc)

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6
Q

percentage of energy that moves up the food chain

A

10%

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7
Q

energy flow in ecosystems

A

only about 10% of the energy taken in by an organism is stored in its biomass (body) and can be used by the next level up for energy
“10 percent rule”

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8
Q

what percentage of the food we take in are used for life sustaining activity?

A

75%

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9
Q

when we eat plants…

A

we get our energy more efficiently than when we eat meat

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10
Q

land

A

used for growing grain and pasture land (much of the grain grown in the US is for animal food espcially corn and soy beans - 40% worldwide) (70% in the US)

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11
Q

predator

A

the consumer
have evolved mechanisms to help them catch an subdue prey (claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, poisons, etc; sharpened senses such as eyesight, smell and hearing)

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12
Q

prey

A

the food, including plants

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13
Q

most of animals energy and time are put toward

A

eating and avoiding being eaten

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14
Q

plants

A

have evolved many mechanisms to keep them from becoming food for insects and other herbivores (physical mechanisms, chemical defenses)

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15
Q

physical mechanisms for plants

A

spines and thorns; sap (sap will clog insects mouths as they try to eat tree, ex:rubber tree, chicle tree)

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16
Q

chemical defenses of plants

A

“defense compounds”
-poisons - to stop herbivores (ex: cyanide, struchnine)
-alkaloids (bitter taste) (morphine-opoium poppy, cocaine-cocoa, cannabis-marijuana, nicotine-tobacco, caffeine-coffee/tea)
some tropical plants have up to 90 different defense compouds
-heart stimulants (digitalin, milkweed)
-drugs to fight diseases (about 25% of prescription drugs come from plants vinblastine-leukemia, taxol-ovarian cancer)
-spices (bitter tasting) (cinnamon, cloves, pepermint

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17
Q

defense mechanisms for animals

A
  • fleeing
  • freezing
  • potent scents (skunk)
  • camouflage
  • alarm calls
  • mobbing
  • quills (porcupine)
  • chemical defenses
  • mimicry
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18
Q

fleeing

A

(one of the most common defenses)

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19
Q

freezing

A

(movement help predators to “see” prey; predators will often overlook prey when they freeze)

20
Q

potent scents

A

skunk

21
Q

camouflage

A

(blend into the surroundings)

22
Q

alarm calls

A

(to warn other members of the species)

23
Q

mobbing

A

(to drive away predators; ex small birds may mob an hawk to get rid of hawk)

24
Q

quills

A

porcupine

25
Q

chemical defenses

A

(toxins; some species develop toxins; ex: monarch butterfly and poison frogs)

26
Q

mimicry

A

(one species has evolved to look like another for protection; ex - monarch and viceroy butterflies

27
Q

symbiotic

A

“living together”; interspecies interactions

  1. mutualism
  2. parasitism
28
Q

mutualism

A

both partners benefit
ex: algae provides food for fungi- fungi provides habitat and water for algae
clownfish hides within the tentacles of anomones for protection- clowfish aerates anemones that get rid of parasites and lures other fish in for food

29
Q

parasitism

A

one (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host)
ex: blood flukes on humans; ticks,tapeworms, leeches, any bacterial infection

30
Q

disturbance

A

a force that alters the biological community and usually removes organisms from it

ex: fires, floods, volcanoes, glaciers, human intervention
- small disturbances create new habitats (tree falling over); large disturbances may take years for the community to recover (forest fire)

31
Q

ecological succession

A

the process that an area goes through as it recovers from a disturbance; a series of predictable steps for recovery

32
Q

primary succession

A

a community that arises from a virtually lifeless area, with no soil
ex: the rubble left by a glacier or the fresh lava flows of a volcano
-stage one: lichen begin to establish soil
stage two: mosses
stage three: weeds and herbs overgrow the mosses over time because they have the ability to grow vertically
stage four: grasses overgrow the weeds and herbs (in a grassland, this will be the final stage)
stage five: bushes and shrubs overgrow the grasses
stage six: small trees
stage seven: larger trees - called a climax community now

33
Q

lichen

A

secrete enzymes that breaks up rocks; organic matter slowly forms as these plants die over many years

34
Q

mosses

A

when a small amount of soil is produced, mosses can grow and slowly take over the lichen

35
Q

secondary succes

A

when a community has been destroyed, but the soil is left intact; starts at stage three (herbs and weeds) and continues through stage 4 and 7; skips the soil recreation stages
ex: after a fire, drought, hurricane, agriculture

36
Q

pioneer species

A

the first o become established; ex are weeds, herbs, etc; warrior species

37
Q

warrior species

A

very protective of a recovering area (ex: poison invy, green brier, nature’s way of saying Keep out

38
Q

fires

A

important role in ecosystems; return nutrients back to the soil, under natural conditions (grass lands burn ever 2-4 years; pine forests every 5-7 years

39
Q

chemical cycling

A
  • water cycle
  • carbon
  • nitrogen
40
Q

water cycle

A

solar energy evaporates large amounts of water in seas (some falls back over seas and some fall back over land)
includes transpiration, surface water, and groundwater

41
Q

transpiration

A

evaporation of water from plants (stomata open)

42
Q

surface water

A

lakes streams and river

43
Q

groundwater

A

water that seeps into the ground (acquifer)

44
Q

carbon cycle

A

major ingredient of all organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipicds);

45
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

needed for proteins and nucleic acids, N in the atmosphere is not in a form that most plants can use; plants absorb nitrogran in their roots in several forms

BIO (18 decks)

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