Chapter 24 Flashcards
overview of the immune system
- immunity
- antigen
- pathogen
immunity
the ability to protect against disease causing agents
antigen
any substance that triggers an immune respose (bactiera, virus or fungi; OR pollen, cancer cell, dust mite, dust particle, splinter)
pathogen
an antigen capable of causing disease, specifically a bacteria, virus, or fungi
remember, pathogens normally need to adhere and multiply in order cause an infenction and disease
bacteria
extracellular - reproduce and reside outside of our cell
there are a few exceptions where bacteria go inside cells
viruses
intracellular - must go inside our cells to reproduce
extracellular - during the time after they have budded off from a cell and have not entered a new cell, they are outside of the cell
fungi
extracellular
levels of immunity
3 lines of defense
first line of defense
keep anything foreign out of our bodies "keep anything foreign out" physical and chemical barriers to keep things from entering into our bodies 1. intact skin 2. normal flora 3. Mucous membranes 4. protective membranes
second line of defense
if something does get in, there is a general, non-specific response to stop it from causing infection
third line of defense
a specific response against particular antigens
intact skin
bacteria and viruses cannot penetrate intact skin, but can enter through cuts, even microscopic ones (we do have necessary opening like eyes, nose, mouth…)
pathogen modes of transmission
the ways that bacteria and viruses spread from one person to another in order to reproduce coughing and sneezing food feces blood insects sexual activity
normal flora
the mixture of microbes regularly found on or in many sites of our bodies
we have built up immunity to most of these (stuff inside of our bodies)
these act as protectino by keeping more harmful bacteria and fungi from growing on these surfaces (act like glove)
mucous membranes
respiratory system - we have to breath, but bacteria in lungs can cause pneumonia; mucociliary blanket traps and transports objects and antigens away from the lungs by cililary action (ex: in the nose the cilia move objects backward toward the throat where they can be swallowed and killed in stomach acid or expelled through blowing your nose or sneezing
coughing and sneezing are part of our protection against microbes, by expelling them from our lungs (which is why we have to be careful when taking cough medicine because we are suppressing a cough that is trying to get bad stuff out)
protective membranes
digestive system - we have to eat, but need to keep harmful bacteria out of our intestines; stomach acids kills most microbes (however some microbes may be protected by food particles and reach the small intestines); peristalsis; thereis a refular loss of the mucous cells that line the small intestines to prevent microbes from becoming estalished
peristalsis
keeps food and microbes moving along withing our digestive system; it is the rhythmic waves of contractions by muscles in the intestines keep things moving
protective membranes
digestive system
peristalsis
keeps food and microbes moving along withing our digestive system; it is the rhythmic waves of contractions by muscles in the intestines keep things moving
digestive system
we have to eat, but need to keep harmful bacteria out of our intestines; stomach acids kills most microbes (however some microbes may be protected by food particles and reach the small intestines);
peristalsis;
there is a refular loss of the mucous cells that line the small intestines to prevent microbes from becoming estalished
role of the large intestine is to reabsorb water used in digestion; in the large intestine, the normal flora are very important in preventing the establishment of pathogenic organisms (regular bowel movements are important)
protective membranes
digestive system
urogenital system
digestive system
we have to eat, but need to keep harmful bacteria out of our intestines; stomach acids kills most microbes (however some microbes may be protected by food particles and reach the small intestines);
peristalsis;
there is a refular loss of the mucous cells that line the small intestines to prevent microbes from becoming estalished
role of the large intestine is to reabsorb water used in digestion; in the large intestine, the normal flora are very important in preventing the establishment of pathogenic organisms (regular bowel movements are important)
urogenital system
normally, the kidney, urinary bladder, and tubes are sterile as in urine
drinking water (fluids) is important for keeping this system working properly (kidney purifies the blood)
second line of defense
made up of cells and systemsthat are looking for anytning foreign that makes it paste the First Line of Defense
foreign = anythin gnot part of you
made up of a number of different types of white blood cells and systems to protect you
non-specific because it is not looking for a partiular antigen, but anything foreign
- immune cells
second line of defense 4 word summary
“general, non-specific response”
immunce cells
White blood cells
pagocytic cells - wander through body fluids and engulf and destroy foreign cells (macrophages are the most prevalent); kind of like pacman
second line of defense
made up of cells and systemsthat are looking for anytning foreign that makes it paste the First Line of Defense
foreign = anythin gnot part of you
made up of a number of different types of white blood cells and systems to protect you
non-specific because it is not looking for a partiular antigen, but anything foreign
- immune cells
- lymphatic system
immunce cells
White blood cells
pagocytic cells - wander through body fluids and engulf and destroy foreign cells (macrophages are the most prevalent); kind of like pacman
phagocytic cells
engulf and enclose microbes in vacuoles; macrophages