chapter 16

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

oldest fossils, 3.5 billion years to evolve
bacterial cell wall and some have capsules (helps hide from immune system)
found almost everywhere and some can live in extremes (too cold/hot/salty/acidic)

Question 2

shapes of bacteria

Answer 2

cocci - round (strep throat)
bacilli - rod-shaped
spirochete - spiral

Question 3

benefits of bacteria

Answer 3

1. in our intestines ()
2. chemical decomposing and recycling ()
3. help provide the oxygen we breathe
4. bioremediation

Question 4

bacteria in our intestines

Answer 4

help break down our food;
important for proper functioning of intestines ex, E Coli;
provide important vitamins such as vitamin k

Question 5

bacteria - chemical decomposing and recycling

Answer 5

nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus SEE PPT

Question 6

bacteria helps provide the oxygen we breathe

Answer 6

cyanobacteria helped to change the atmosphere of the earth from one with little or no oxygen to an atmosphere today of 22% oxygen

Question 7

bioremediation

Answer 7

using prokaryotes to decompose harmful materials to harmless molecules (ex: oil eating bacteria can break down oils and other products from oil spills)

Question 8

some bacteria do cause disease..

Answer 8

pathogens

Question 9

pathogens

Answer 9

microorgansims that cause disease; the most dangerous pathogens have one or more of the following virulence factors

Question 10

virulence factor

Answer 10

factors that intensify the effect of a pathogen; makes them stronger

Question 11

virulence factor examples

Answer 11

1. produce toxins
2. produce endospores
3. have a capsule
4. attack cells of the immune system
   ex: anthrax has all of these which is why it is so dangerous

Question 12

VF - toxins

Answer 12

poisons (molecules that block biological processes or attack keys systems)
exotoxins
endotoxins

Question 13

exotoxin

Answer 13

poison produced and secreted by the bacteria

ex: e coli –> produces an exotoxin that can cause severe diarrhea and kidney damage

Question 14

endotoxin

Answer 14

molecules that are attached to the cell walls of certain bacteria

Question 15

VF - endospores

Answer 15

an inner cell within the bacterial cell
has thick, protective coat that allows the endospores to survive in very harsh environments for long periods of time (even those environments that lack water and nutrients)

Question 16

biological weapons

Answer 16

most recent has been anthrax because inhaling the spores is the most deadly; the Plague which produces endotoxins and sometimes exotoxins; Small Pox