Chapter 34 (Staci) Flashcards
_______ may alter the course and pathogenesis of a number of systemic diseases/conditions.
Periodontitis
True or False.
There is evidence that suggesting that periodontitis causes systemic disease.
False
The possibility of an association between periodontal disease and systemic disease suggests that periodontal therapy may play an important role in decreasing the incidence and severity of certain systemic diseases.
______ indicates that there is a relationship or a connection between two or more variables.
Association
If variable A is certain to cause or lead to variable B this would be considered _______.
causation
Periodontitis is characterized by both _____ and ______ events and may contribute to select systemic diseases.
infection and pro-inflammatory
Inflammation, ________ and metastatic infection have been postulated as possible mechanisms of action for linking periodontitis to certain _____ diseases.
the immune response; systemic
_______ is an infectious disease mediated by microorganisms that originate from a distant body site.
Metastatic infection
ex: certain organisms found in the mouth can travel to the lung and possibly cause a lung infection
True or False.
Chewing and tooth brushing can disseminate whole bacteria and their products throughout the body to other nonadjacent organs or body parts.
True
Oral bacteria from ______ lesions and the DNA of certain _______ can survive in the blood stream and adhere to other sites in the body causing systemic disorders.
periodontal; periodontal pathogens
Systemic disorders such as endocarditis, lung infections, abscesses of the brain or liver, and fatty deposits in the carotid arteries can be caused by the _____________ and _______ that can survive in the bloodstream and adhere to other sites in the body.
DNA of periodontal pathogens; oral bacteria
Periodontitis may _____ some aspects of certain systemic diseases to make those diseases more severe.
modify
Infection of the periodontal pocket can stimulate the oral tissues to release _______ mediators which can then enter the blood stream and initiate significant systemic inflammation.
pro-inflammatory
In periodontitis, bacterial _______ are processed and presented to the body’s immune system and recognized by _____.
antigens; lymphocytes
________ inflammation is defined by increased circulation of pro-inflammatory mediators
Systemic
Sub-gingival plaque biofilm provides a large and persistent source of periodontal pathogens that can enter into the systemic blood stream, activating the host immune response which facilitates ______ formation and exacerbation.
atheroma
True or False.
The correlation between metastatic infection as well as inflammation and immune response have all been postulated as possible mechanisms of action for linking periodontitis to certain systemic diseases.
True
Which of the following is NOT one of the possible biologic explanations for the correlation between ACVD and periodontitis?
A. Dyslipidemia
B. Elevated levels of fibrinogen
C. Antibody Cross Reactivity
D. Reduced Systemic Inflammation
D. Reduced Systemic Inflammation
Correct Answer: Heightened Systemic Inflammation
Periodontal infections may contribute to atherosclerosis by triggering the host to produce elevated levels of serum ______, as well as low-density lipoproteins, _____, and very low-density lipoproteins.
cholesterol; triglycerides
Periodontitis elevates levels of ________ which increases vascular inflammation. This is important because the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems play important roles in the thickening of the arteries and clot formation.
fibrinogen
True or False
Studies have shown that patient with periodontitis have lower levels of plasma fibrinogen
False
they have HIGHER levels of fibrinogen
_______ , one of the possible biologic explanations for the correlation between ACVD and periodontitis, occurs when an antibody reacts with an antigen other than the one that initially induced it’s production.
Cross reactivity
Patients with periodontitis have elevated systemic antibody responses to a variety of _______ and are able to induce antibody cross reactivity.
periodontal microorganisms
True or False.
*Cross-reactivity suggests that periodontal pathogens induce the body’s immune response to mistakenly target cells in blood vessels leading to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.
True
Atherscherotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is a group of heart or vascular diseases including
A. angina, myocardial infarction, asthma, transient ischemic attack, and peripheral artery disease
B. angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, and peripheral artery disease
C. angina, myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, transient ischemic attack, and peripheral artery disease
A. angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, and peripheral artery disease
_______ is characterized by a thickening of arterial walls.
Atherosclerosis
________ is a fatty deposit in the inner lining of an artery; also called an arterial plaque
Atheroma
________ is a special type of plasma protein, produced by the liver, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells that is present during episodes of acute inflammation or infection.
C-reactive protein
Serum _______ are elevated in a patient with periodontitis compared to a patient without it.
C-reactive protein
________ are fatty deposits in the inner lining of an artery
Atheromatous lesions
What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
A. c-reactive protein
B. thrombin
C. plasma protein
D. inflammation
B. thrombin
______ is a protein substance that forms a network of threadlike structures and causes the blood plasma to gel.
fibrin
True or false.
Reduced levels of fibrinogen is a risk factor for atherosclerosis.
False
Elevated levels of fibrinogen is a risk factor for atherosclerosis
_______ refers to an abnormal amount of lipids.
Dyslipidemia
A patient presents with mild, moderate or severe periodontitis and they have two or more ACVD risk factors. What would you do with this patient?
A.inform that there may be an increased risk for CVD associated with periodontitis
B. refer for medical eval is he/she has not had one in last 12 months
C. recommend to seek medical eval is he/she has not had one in the last 12 months
B. refer for medical eval is he/she has not had one in last 12 months
A patient presents with mild to severe periodontitis and they have one known ACVD risk factor. What would you do with this patient?
A.inform that there may be an increased risk for CVD associated with periodontitis
B. refer for medical eval is he/she has not had one in last 12 months
C. recommend to seek medical eval is he/she has not had one in the last 12 months
C. recommend to seek medical eval is he/she has not had one in the last 12 months
A patient presents with mild to severe periodontitis and and does not have any known ACVD risk factors. What would you do with this patient?
A.inform that there may be an increased risk for CVD associated with periodontitis
B. refer for medical eval is he/she has not had one in last 12 months
C. recommend to seek medical eval is he/she has not had one in the last 12 months
A.inform that there may be an increased risk for CVD associated with periodontitis
What is the a leading cause of neonatal death and long-term neurodevelopment disturbances and health problems in children?
preterm delivery of low-birth weight infants`
_______ is a serious complication of pregnancy characterized by an abrupt rise in blood pressure, large amounts of the protein albumin into the urine, and swelling of the hands, feet, and face. It
occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy
Preeclampsia
Which of the following is NOT one of the possible biologic pathways related to adverse pregnancy outcomes?
A. Direct Pathway
B. Indirect Pathway #1
C. Transverse Pathway
D. Indirect Pathway #2
C. Transverse Pathway
Oral microbes and/or their components travel to the placental fetal unit in the ________ pathway
Direct Pathway
In which biological pathway does oral bacteria induce the maternal periodontal tissues to release elevated levels of pro-inflammatory mediates. From there, the pro-inflammatory mediators spread systemically to have an impact on the placenta/fetal unit.
Indirect Pathway #1
In which biological pathway does the maternal liver respond to oral bacteria by producing elevated levels pf pro-inflammatory mediators and acute phase reactant proteins that then spread to the placenta/fetal unit.
Indirect Pathway #2
True or False.
All preventative, diagnostic, and periodontal therapeutic procedures are safe throughout pregnancy. Additionally, elective procedures should be completed in the first trimester.
False.
All preventative, diagnostic, and periodontal therapeutic procedures are safe throughout pregnancy. Elective procedures should be avoided in the first trimester.
______ therapy may result in improved insulin sensitivity and subsequent improved glycemic control
Periodontal
True or False.
Xerostomia, burning mouth syndrome, fungal infections, slower wound healing are the associated oral conditions of diabetes mellitus.
True
_______ is a medical term referring to the typical blood glucose levels in those with diabetes mellitus.
Glycemic control
A fasting blood glucose level less than _______ mg/dL is normal
100
A fasting glucose level between ______ mg/dL and ____ mg/dL is considered prediabetes
100-125
Poor glycemic control refers to persistently elevated fasting blood glucose levels greater than or equal to _____ mg/dL.
126
______ is the average blood glucose level over the past ____ to ___ months, this is the lifespan of the red blood cell.
HbA1C; 2 to 3
A1C is reported as a percentage of total _____ in the blood
hemoglobin
A normal HbA1C for a non-diabetic is _____
less than 5.6%
A reasonable A1C goal for many adults with diabetes is BELOW ___.
7%
Evidence suggests that periodontitis raises the levels of _______mediators in blood serum.
pro-inflammatory
Periodontal diseases may serve as ______ of insulin resistance, thereby _____ glycemic control. Therefore, ________ may result in improved insulin sensitivity and subsequent improved glycemic control.
initiators; aggravating; periodontal therapy
This type of pneumonia is contracted outside of the hospital setting by the aspiration of oropharyngeal organisms. It responds well to treatment.
A. Hospital acquired
B. Community acquired
C. Ventilator-associated
B. Community acquired
This type of pneumonia is an infection of the lungs contracted during a hospital stay or in a long-term care facility.
A. Hospital acquired
B. Community acquired
C. Ventilator-associated
A. Hospital acquired
This type of hospital-acquired pneumonia developing after intubation for mechanical ventilation.
A. Hospital acquired
B. Community acquired
C. Ventilator-associated
C. Ventilator-associated
Periodontal diseases may be related to _______ by the inhalation of fine droplets from the oral cavity and throat into the lungs.
respiratory diseases
Application of ______ gel to the teeth, gingiva, and other oral mucosal surfaces has been shown to significantly decrease the risk for _____.
0.2 chlorhexidine; pneumonia
_____ is a group of lung diseases, mainly emphysema and chronic bronchitis, characterized by an obstruction of airflow during exhalation
COPD
______ is an autoimmune disease that causes redness, warmth, swelling, and pain of the joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis
______ is a cluster of conditions such as HBP, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the wist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels. These conditions occur together, increasing the risk of heart disease.
Metabolic syndrome
______ is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer
