Chapter 34 Respiration Flashcards
Boil’s law/Fick’s
Pressure decreases, volume increases
Sea level pressure
760 mmHg
Oxygen is 21% of the air
Surface to volume ratio
As animal sizes increase, surface to volume ratio decreases
Countercurrent flow
Blood runs opposite water
Enables for oxygen to be picked up by blood easier
Vertebrate lungs
Originated in fish
Allows gas exchange in oxygen poor regions of water, and on land
Birds
Lungs are inelastic
Air drawn in continually through each lung
The tracheae of insects
Are highly branched and come into contact with almost every cell to effect gas exchange
What do the alveoli of mammalian lungs, the gills of filaments of fish, and the tracheoles of insects all have in common?
They have a large, thin surface area for gas exchange
The cilia in the trachea and bronchi
Sweep mucus containing trapped particles up and out of the respiratory tract.
When you hold your breath, what leads to the urge to breathe?
Rising co2 and falling blood pH
Why can birds fly over the Himalayas but most humans require bottled oxygen to climb these mountains?
With a one-way flow of air and efficient ventilation, the lungs of birds extract more O2 from the air they breathe
Air moving from atmosphere into our lungs
Ventilation
Moving CO2 and O2 to and from our alveoli and pulmonary vessels
External respiration
How O2 and CO2 are carried into the blood
Transport of gases
Moving of O2 and CO2 in and out of the tissues of the body
Internal respiration
How tissues use o2 to produce ATP
Cell respiration
Nose functions
Warm air
Scent stuff
Speech sound’s resonating chamber
Pharynx
Composed of skeletal muscle
-lines with mucous membrane
Passageway for air and food
Chamber of speech
Larynx (below pharynx)
Voice box
Connects pharynx and trachea
Thyroid
-front wall
Trachea
Lined with mucous membrane and supported by cartilage
Is a PSCCE
-pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Goblet cells
Produce mucous
Ciliated columnar cells
Cilia
Lungs
- Pleural membrane: A)
- Parietal pleura membrane: b)
- visceral pleura membrane: c)
- pleura cavity: D.)
A.) double layer, protects and encloses each lung
B.) outer layer, attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity
C.) covers lungs themselves
D.) space between membrane, contains fluid
Left vs right bonchi
Right is shorter, wider and more vertical than the left. More things tend to get struck in the right
Secondary bronchi
One leads to each lobe
- right = 3 lobes
- left = 2 lobes
Secondary bronchi break down
Tertiary bronchi —> bronchioles—> terminal bronchioles
Alveolus (grapes on the bronchi)
Cup-shaped projection lined with epithelium
Alveolar sac
Two or more alveoli that share a common opening.
Arteriole and venue surround alveolus to form capillary network
Oxygen transport
Hemoglobin has a great affinity for oxygen when it is at high partial pressure.
3 ways CO2 transported
Dissolved in the plasma -7% Binds to hemoglobin -23% Most is transported out as bicarbonate -70%
CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2
Bohr shift
3 pressures involved in pulmonary ventilation
Atmospheric pressure -air outside the body Intrapulmonary pressure -pressure within alveoli of the lungs Intraplueral pressure -space between visceral and parietal
Inhalation
Diaphragm flattens (pressure decreases) Volume of thoracic cavity increases External intercostal muscles contract
Normal passive exhalation
Diaphragm reflates
-pressure increases
Thoracic cavity recoils
Air flows down pressure gradient and out of lungs
Active exhalation
Muscles in the abdomen and the internal intercostal muscles contract
Decreases thoracic cavity more than passive exhalation
Greater air flows out
4 respiratory volumes
- Tidal volume
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- Exploratory reserve volume
- Residual volume
Tidal volume (500ml)
Normal quiet breathing
Inspiratory reserve volume (3100ml)
Forced inhalation
Expliratory reserve volume (1200 ml)
Forced exhalation
Residual volume (1200ml)
Air left in lungs after expiratory volume (forced exhalation)
Control of breathing (Medulla oblongata does this)
Magnitude of breathing depends on concentration of O2 and H+
- )Brain detects H+….
2. ) carotid and aortic bodies detect drop in o2…
Increases breathing
Humans and high altitude
Residents have larger ventricles in heart & more mitochondria in muscles
Acclimatization
- kidneys secretes erythropoietin
- increases red blood cell production
Competes with oxygen for binding sites in hemoglobin.
Binding capacity is at least 200 times greater than oxygen’s.
Exposure impairs oxygen delivery
Carbon monoxide (CO)
The bends
Change in pressure rapidly (diving and swimming up fast, diving then getting on a plane)
Increases N2 dissolved in blood (bubbles out of Dover ascends too fast)
Pain in joints, impaired vision, paralysis
Emphysema
Irreversible breakdown in alveolar walls
Lungs become inelastic
May be caused by a genetic defect
Most often because of smoking
Bronchitis
Irritation of the cilia that lines the bronchioles walls
Air pollutants, smoking, or allergies can cause it
Excess mucous can cause coughing and hold Bactria
Chronic scars and constricts airways
