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AP Biology > Chapter 34 Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 34 Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Boil’s law/Fick’s

A

Pressure decreases, volume increases

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2
Q

Sea level pressure

A

760 mmHg

Oxygen is 21% of the air

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3
Q

Surface to volume ratio

A

As animal sizes increase, surface to volume ratio decreases

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4
Q

Countercurrent flow

A

Blood runs opposite water

Enables for oxygen to be picked up by blood easier

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5
Q

Vertebrate lungs

A

Originated in fish

Allows gas exchange in oxygen poor regions of water, and on land

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6
Q

Birds

A

Lungs are inelastic

Air drawn in continually through each lung

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7
Q

The tracheae of insects

A

Are highly branched and come into contact with almost every cell to effect gas exchange

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8
Q

What do the alveoli of mammalian lungs, the gills of filaments of fish, and the tracheoles of insects all have in common?

A

They have a large, thin surface area for gas exchange

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9
Q

The cilia in the trachea and bronchi

A

Sweep mucus containing trapped particles up and out of the respiratory tract.

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10
Q

When you hold your breath, what leads to the urge to breathe?

A

Rising co2 and falling blood pH

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11
Q

Why can birds fly over the Himalayas but most humans require bottled oxygen to climb these mountains?

A

With a one-way flow of air and efficient ventilation, the lungs of birds extract more O2 from the air they breathe

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12
Q

Air moving from atmosphere into our lungs

A

Ventilation

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13
Q

Moving CO2 and O2 to and from our alveoli and pulmonary vessels

A

External respiration

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14
Q

How O2 and CO2 are carried into the blood

A

Transport of gases

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15
Q

Moving of O2 and CO2 in and out of the tissues of the body

A

Internal respiration

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16
Q

How tissues use o2 to produce ATP

A

Cell respiration

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17
Q

Nose functions

A

Warm air
Scent stuff
Speech sound’s resonating chamber

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18
Q

Pharynx

A

Composed of skeletal muscle
-lines with mucous membrane
Passageway for air and food
Chamber of speech

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19
Q

Larynx (below pharynx)

A

Voice box
Connects pharynx and trachea
Thyroid
-front wall

20
Q

Trachea

A

Lined with mucous membrane and supported by cartilage
Is a PSCCE
-pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

21
Q

Goblet cells

A

Produce mucous

22
Q

Ciliated columnar cells

A

Cilia

23
Q

Lungs

  • Pleural membrane: A)
  • Parietal pleura membrane: b)
  • visceral pleura membrane: c)
  • pleura cavity: D.)
A

A.) double layer, protects and encloses each lung
B.) outer layer, attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity
C.) covers lungs themselves
D.) space between membrane, contains fluid

24
Q

Left vs right bonchi

A

Right is shorter, wider and more vertical than the left. More things tend to get struck in the right

25
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

One leads to each lobe

  • right = 3 lobes
  • left = 2 lobes
26
Q

Secondary bronchi break down

A

Tertiary bronchi —> bronchioles—> terminal bronchioles

27
Q

Alveolus (grapes on the bronchi)

A

Cup-shaped projection lined with epithelium

28
Q

Alveolar sac

A

Two or more alveoli that share a common opening.

Arteriole and venue surround alveolus to form capillary network

29
Q

Oxygen transport

A

Hemoglobin has a great affinity for oxygen when it is at high partial pressure.

30
Q

3 ways CO2 transported

A 
Dissolved in the plasma
-7%
Binds to hemoglobin 
-23% 
Most is transported out as bicarbonate
-70%
31
Q

CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

A

Bohr shift

32
Q

3 pressures involved in pulmonary ventilation

A 
Atmospheric pressure 
-air outside the body 
Intrapulmonary pressure
-pressure within alveoli of the lungs 
Intraplueral pressure 
-space between visceral and parietal
33
Q

Inhalation

A 
Diaphragm flattens (pressure decreases) 
Volume of thoracic cavity increases 
External intercostal muscles contract
34
Q

Normal passive exhalation

A

Diaphragm reflates
-pressure increases
Thoracic cavity recoils
Air flows down pressure gradient and out of lungs

35
Q

Active exhalation

A

Muscles in the abdomen and the internal intercostal muscles contract
Decreases thoracic cavity more than passive exhalation
Greater air flows out

36
Q

4 respiratory volumes

A
  • Tidal volume
  • Inspiratory reserve volume
  • Exploratory reserve volume
  • Residual volume
37
Q

Tidal volume (500ml)

A

Normal quiet breathing

38
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (3100ml)

A

Forced inhalation

39
Q

Expliratory reserve volume (1200 ml)

A

Forced exhalation

40
Q

Residual volume (1200ml)

A

Air left in lungs after expiratory volume (forced exhalation)

41
Q

Control of breathing (Medulla oblongata does this)

A

Magnitude of breathing depends on concentration of O2 and H+

42
Q
  1. )Brain detects H+….

2. ) carotid and aortic bodies detect drop in o2…

A

Increases breathing

43
Q

Humans and high altitude

A

Residents have larger ventricles in heart & more mitochondria in muscles

Acclimatization

  • kidneys secretes erythropoietin
    • increases red blood cell production
44
Q

Competes with oxygen for binding sites in hemoglobin.
Binding capacity is at least 200 times greater than oxygen’s.
Exposure impairs oxygen delivery

A

Carbon monoxide (CO)

45
Q

The bends

A

Change in pressure rapidly (diving and swimming up fast, diving then getting on a plane)
Increases N2 dissolved in blood (bubbles out of Dover ascends too fast)
Pain in joints, impaired vision, paralysis

46
Q

Emphysema

A

Irreversible breakdown in alveolar walls
Lungs become inelastic
May be caused by a genetic defect
Most often because of smoking

47
Q

Bronchitis

A

Irritation of the cilia that lines the bronchioles walls
Air pollutants, smoking, or allergies can cause it
Excess mucous can cause coughing and hold Bactria
Chronic scars and constricts airways

AP Biology (8 decks)

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