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AP Biology > Chapter 11/12 Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 11/12 Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Mendel’s theory of independent assortment states that…

A

Each hereditary unit is inherited separately from other hereditary units.

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2
Q

A. ⬜️——–⚫️
ww. | Ww
|
—————————-
|. |. |. |. |. |
B. ⚪️—◾️ ⚫️ ◾️—⚪️ ⬜️ ⬜️ ⬜️
|. |
C. ◾️. |
———–
D. ⚪️. ◽️. ◾️—–⚪️
ww= wooly hair. Ww=non wooly
2.) what’s the likelihood that the progeny of D-3 and D-4 will have wooly hair ?
3.) what is the genotype of Individual B-5
4.) what is the probability that individual C-1 is Ww?

A
  1. ) 50%
  2. ) ww
  3. ) 100%
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3
Q

Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b) Short Tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of the cross BbTt x BBtt with have black fur and long tails?

A

1/2

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4
Q

If a study of several pedigrees demonstrates that two parents express a characteristic and none of their children express it, then the trait is controlled by…

A

Dominant gene

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5
Q

If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis …

A

One half of the resulting cells are n+1 and the other half are n-1

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6
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a serious condition caused by a recessive allele of a gene on the human X chromosome. The patients have muscles that weaken over time because they have absent or decreased dystrophin, a muscle protein. They rarely love past their 20’s. How likely is it for a woman to have this condition?

A

A woman would rarely have this condition; it is rare that an affected male would mate with a carrier female

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7
Q

Which boxed area on the generalized karyotype illustration below represents a pair of autosomes?
|| ||
| | | |
(1).
|| ||
| | | |
(12)
|| ||
| | | |
(XX)

A

Both 1 and 12

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8
Q

I’m cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous offspring of red and white homozygotes. Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in the ratio of 1 red: 2 roan: 1 white?

A

Roan x Roan

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9
Q

Which of the following is a test cross? (Y means the allele’s identity is unknown)

A

RyMy x rrmm

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10
Q

A small region of a protein from three species is sequenced and found to be as follows:
• species X is alanine, glycine, glycine, threonine, alanine
• species Y is alanine, glycine, threonine, alanine
• species Z is alanine, valine, glycine, threonine, alanine
The difference in the amino acid sequence of species Y is most likely due to…

A

A deletion

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11
Q

Homologous sets of genes ABCDEF and aBCdEF are located on nonhomologous chromosomes. Crossing between them is suppressed because their locations are the result of….

A

A translocation

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12
Q

Homologous sets of genes ABCDEF and AEDCBF are located on homologous chromosomes. Crossing is suppressed because of….

A

An inversion

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13
Q

The nucleotide sequences of homologous regions of DNA of two species are AATGCCCCGTTA and AATGCCCCGCTTA. If this isn’t the result of a nucleotide base-pair addition, then is it due to…

A

A gene duplication

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14
Q

In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you except from the cross of a black female and an orange male?

A

Tortoiseshell female; black male

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15
Q

What is the mechanism for the production of genetic recombinants?

A

Crossing over and independent assortment.

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16
Q

You are a genetic counselor, and a couple comes to you with condemns that if they have a child together it could have hemophilia. Neither one of them had hemophilia, but the woman’s biological father did have an X-linked recessive form of hemophilia. What’s correct to tell them?

A

Each of their male offspring will have a 50% chance to have hemophilia, and while the females shouldn’t have it, they will each have a 50% chance to be carriers

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17
Q 
D= dark leaves (dominant) 
d= light leaves (recessive) 
          D.    d. 
       D--------
         |1.      2. |
         |             |
       d 3.      4.| 
        ---------
Which plant(s) are true bred? 
Which boxes correspond to plants with dark leaves?
A
  1. ) 1 and 4

2. ) 1,2,3

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18
Q

Some dogs have erect ears; others have dropping ears. Some dogs bark when following a scent; others are silent. Erect ears and marking are due to dominate alleles located on different chromosomes. If two don’t rids are crossed…

A

All droopy-eared, silent offspring are pure-bred

19
Q

An obstetrician knows that one of her patients is a pregnant woman whose fetus is at risk for a serious disorder that is detectable biochemically in fetus cells. The obstetrician would most reasonably offer what procedure to her patient?

A

Amniocentesis or CVS

20
Q

A sexually reproducing animal had two unlinked genes, one for head shape, (H) and one for tail length, (T). It’s Genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotype a is possible in a gamete from this organism?

A

HT

21
Q

What is the genetic cross between an individual showing a dominant phenotype (but unknown genotype) and a homozygous recessive individual called?

A

A testcross

22
Q

A woman who has blood type A, has a daughter who is blood type O positive and a son who is B negative. Rh positive is a dominate trait over Rh negative.
What is a phenotype for the father?
What is a probable genotype for the mother?
What is a possible genotype for the mother?

A
  1. ) B
  2. ) I(A)irr
  3. ) I(A)i
23
Q

Mendel’s second law of independent assortment has its basis in what events of meiosis 1?

A

Alignment of tetrads as the equator

24
Q

Suppose that a hemophilic male (X-linked recessive allele) and a female carrier have a no hemophilic daughter with Turner syndrome. Nondisjunction could have occurred in…

A

The father only

25
Q

Genes are…

A
  • Located on chromosomes
  • Inherited in the same way as chromosomes
  • Arranged in a linear sequence on chromosomes.
26
Q

Males tend to be affected in greater numbers by X-linked recessive genetic disorders than are females because…

A

Males only have one X chromosome

27
Q

Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes Y and B. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white.

  1. ) two blue budgies were crossed and made 22 offspring, 5 were white. What’s the genotype a for the parents?
  2. ) what type of allele interaction is being shown here?
A
  1. ) yyBb and yyBb

2. ) epistasis

28
Q 
◾️---⚪️
       |
------------
◽️.  ⚫️.   ⚫️---◽️
                         |.                ^
--------------------------
⚫️.    ◾️---⚪️.    ◽️---⚪️
                 |.                  |
         ---------           ◽
         ◽️.       ⚫️️

What’s the correct inheritance pattern for this condition?

A

X-Linked dominant

29
Q

Mendel’s observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in what phases of cell division?

A

Anaphase 1 of meiosis

30
Q

Mendel accounted for the observation that traits which had disappeared in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 generation by proposing that…

A

Traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits were obscured by the dominant ones in F1

31
Q

An individual who is a carrier of a genetically inherited disease…

A

Doesn’t have the disease, but may have offspring with the disease

32
Q

What are punnett squares Used for?

A

Predicting the results of genetic crosses between organisms of known genotypes

33
Q

The role of environmental factors on gene expression is illustrated by the…

A
  • Varying plant height of genetically identical yarrow plants when grows at different elevations
  • Flower color of hydrangeas grown in soils of differing pH
  • Depression response that some persons make to very stressful situations
  • Fur pattern of Himalayan rabbits
34
Q

In humans, clear gender differentiation occurs, not at fertilization, but after the second month of development. What’s the first event of this differentiation?

A

Activation of SRY in male embryos and masculinization of the gonads (testes)

35
Q

An achondroplastic male dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man’s father was six-feet tall and both the woman’s parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.

  1. ) how many daughters might be expected to be color-blind dwarfs?
  2. ) they have a daughter who is a dwarf with normal color vision. What is the probability that she is heterozygous for both genes?
A
  1. ) none

2. ) 100%

36
Q

Epistasis vs Pleiotropy

A
  • E: two or more genes affect one phenotype. Ex: color color of labs. One gene for pigment, one for depositing the pigment.
  • P: one gene affects more than one phenotype. Ex: Marfan syndrome, one gene that affects connective tissue can have multiple effects on the body such as a weaker heart, taller stature, nearsightedness.
37
Q

Complete dominance

A
  • Occurs when phenotype a of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical. Ex: Eye color
  • Only one allele in the genotype is seen in the phenotype!
38
Q

Incomplete dominance

A
  • Blended traits. Two birds, one blue, one yellow, make green color.
  • The phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotype of the two parents
  • a mixture of the alleles in the genotype is seen in the phenotype
39
Q

Co-dominance

A
  • Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways. Ex: blood types,
  • Both alleles in the genotype are seen in the phenotype
40
Q

Autosomal recessive

A
  • Skips generations.
  • Effects males and females equally
  • Ex: Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia
41
Q

Autosomal dominant

A
  • common
  • every generation
  • affected peeps transmit it to half of children
42
Q

X-linked recessive

A
  • rare
  • skips gens
  • affected fathers DONT pass to sons
43
Q

X-linked Dominant

A
  • common
  • affected fathers pass on to all daughters
  • equally likely to get it, though is lethal to males, and most die before birth

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