17,24,35 Flashcards
T Cells
Are lymphocytes, involved in adaptive immunity, mature in the thymus gland
An allergic reaction involves
Mast cells, over production of histamine, production of IgE
The millions of different types of antibodies produced by the immune system are most likely due to…
Gene rearrangement involving many combinations of V and J segments
Complement
Is a system of many proteins, helps destroyed pathogens
Active immunity an de artificially induced by
Injecting vaccines
Nonspecific defense mechanisms in vertebrates include
Skin, acid secretion, inflammation, and phagocytosis
B Cells
Are lymphocytes,
clone after contacting its targeted antigen,
include many antigen-binding forms
The secondary immune response is due to
Memory cells
T cells receptors
Bind antigens
Are found on killer cells
Process(Es) involved in clearing body of foreign antigens
Neutralization and agglutination
Which of these defense mechanisms is incorrectly paired with its function?
Gastric juice- kills bacteria in stomach
Fever- may stimulate phagocytosis
Lysozyme -attacks the cell wall of viruses
Cytokines- attract phagocytes in the inflammatory response
Lysozyme
What cells would release interferons ?
A cell infected by a virus
Antibodies are
Proteins circulating in the blood that may tag foreign cells for complement destruction
A secondary immune response is more rapid and effective than a primary immune response because
Memory cells respond to the pathogen and rapidly proliferate into effector cells
Clonal selection is responsible for the
Proliferation of effector cells and memory cells specific for an encountered antigen
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
- Present antigen fragments on infected cells,
- are a collection of cell surface proteins,
- may trigger T cells responses after transplant operations
In neutralization..
Antibodies coat proteins on the surface of a virus, preventing infection of a host cell
The study of viruses has provided information on all topics but what?
The sexual replication cycles of viruses
The reverse transcriptase carried by retroviruses
Uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
Viruses cannot be considered alive according to the
Cell theory
Which of the following is false?
- )The outer coats of all viruses are alike
- ) the virus uses either DNA or RNA at its core, but not both.
- ) viruses can be replicated only after they enter a living cell
- ) most viruses have a protein coat or covering
1
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the human variant (vCJD) are likely caused by
Prions
The five stages of lytic infection are attachment, penetration,_______, assembly, and release.
Replication
A prophage
Is phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA
All viruses have genes encoding at least :
Their coat proteins, and enzymes required for nucleic acid replication
When a virus transfers DNA from one bacteria to another to cause genetic recombination..
Transduction
Additional pieces of DNA that have supplemental genes in prokaryotes
Plasmid
Bacterial types that stain purple and have thick wall of peptidoglycan
Gram +
Rod shaped prokaryote
Bacillus
A rigid tubelike structure that allows certain bacteria to attach to their host to transfer some of their DNA to another bacterial cell
Pilus
When DNA is absorbed by bacterial cells from their environment to cause generic recombination
Transformation
Spherical shaped prokaryote
Coccus
A heat, water and chemical resistant structure domes by some Bacteria to survive unfavorable environmental conductions
Endospore
The single circular DNA
Prokaryotic chromosome
Bacterial type that stains red and has a thin wall of peptidoglycan
Gram -
Polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of a prokaryote
peptidoglycan
When DNA is passed from one bacteria to another through physical contact to cause genetic recombination
Conjunction
Use light as their energy source and CO2 as their carbon source
Photoautotroph
Archea that live in high temperature environments
Thermophiles
Obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and use CO2 as their carbon source
Chemoautotrophs
Archea that live in high salt environments
Halophiles
Don’t require oxygen
Anaerobes
Archea that live in normal environments
Mesophile
Obtain energy by oxidizing organic molecules and use already prepared organic chemicals as their carbon source
Chemoheterotroph
Archea that live in extreme environments
Extremophile
Use light as their energy source and organic chemicals as their carbon source
Photoheterotroph
Use oxygen when present, otherwise produce energy anaerobically
Facultative anaerobes
Do not require oxygen; poisoned by it
Obligated anaerobes
Archea live in cold environments
Psychrophiles
Production of antibodies in the body in response to exposure to a foreign antigen
Active immunity
Response mounted by exposure to an antigen for the first time
Primary immune response
Involves production of specific proteins by B cell derivative that bind to foreign molecules
Antibody mediated immunity
Response mounted by exposure to an antigen for a second or lot of times
Secondary immune response
Involves the activation of T cell derivatives that attach to foreign cells and kill them
Cell mediated immunity
Acquisition of antibodies by direct transfer from another individual
Passive immunity
The proliferation of a particular clone of cells
Clonal expression
Organ of the lymphatic system involved in the maturation of T-cells
Thymus
Specific region of an antigen molecule
Epitope
A cell that presents antigens on its surface
Antigen presenting cell
A foreign molecule that triggers an adaptive immunity response
Antigen
Family of proteins that serve as antibodies
Immunoglobins
Process by which a lymphocyte is specifically selected for cloning
Clonal selection
Protein that binds to antigens and mark them for elimination
Antibodies
Ability to recognize previous antigens and foreign cells
Immunological memory
React with a particular epitope of an antigen
Monoclonal antibody
