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AP Biology > 17,24,35 > Flashcards

17,24,35 Flashcards

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1
Q

T Cells

A

Are lymphocytes, involved in adaptive immunity, mature in the thymus gland

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2
Q

An allergic reaction involves

A

Mast cells, over production of histamine, production of IgE

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3
Q

The millions of different types of antibodies produced by the immune system are most likely due to…

A

Gene rearrangement involving many combinations of V and J segments

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4
Q

Complement

A

Is a system of many proteins, helps destroyed pathogens

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5
Q

Active immunity an de artificially induced by

A

Injecting vaccines

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6
Q

Nonspecific defense mechanisms in vertebrates include

A

Skin, acid secretion, inflammation, and phagocytosis

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7
Q

B Cells

A

Are lymphocytes,
clone after contacting its targeted antigen,
include many antigen-binding forms

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8
Q

The secondary immune response is due to

A

Memory cells

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9
Q

T cells receptors

A

Bind antigens

Are found on killer cells

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10
Q

Process(Es) involved in clearing body of foreign antigens

A

Neutralization and agglutination

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11
Q

Which of these defense mechanisms is incorrectly paired with its function?
Gastric juice- kills bacteria in stomach
Fever- may stimulate phagocytosis
Lysozyme -attacks the cell wall of viruses
Cytokines- attract phagocytes in the inflammatory response

A

Lysozyme

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12
Q

What cells would release interferons ?

A

A cell infected by a virus

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13
Q

Antibodies are

A

Proteins circulating in the blood that may tag foreign cells for complement destruction

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14
Q

A secondary immune response is more rapid and effective than a primary immune response because

A

Memory cells respond to the pathogen and rapidly proliferate into effector cells

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15
Q

Clonal selection is responsible for the

A

Proliferation of effector cells and memory cells specific for an encountered antigen

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16
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

A
  • Present antigen fragments on infected cells,
  • are a collection of cell surface proteins,
  • may trigger T cells responses after transplant operations
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17
Q

In neutralization..

A

Antibodies coat proteins on the surface of a virus, preventing infection of a host cell

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18
Q

The study of viruses has provided information on all topics but what?

A

The sexual replication cycles of viruses

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19
Q

The reverse transcriptase carried by retroviruses

A

Uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis

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20
Q

Viruses cannot be considered alive according to the

A

Cell theory

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21
Q

Which of the following is false?

  1. )The outer coats of all viruses are alike
  2. ) the virus uses either DNA or RNA at its core, but not both.
  3. ) viruses can be replicated only after they enter a living cell
  4. ) most viruses have a protein coat or covering
A

1

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22
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the human variant (vCJD) are likely caused by

A

Prions

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23
Q

The five stages of lytic infection are attachment, penetration,_______, assembly, and release.

A

Replication

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24
Q

A prophage

A

Is phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA

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25
Q

All viruses have genes encoding at least :

A

Their coat proteins, and enzymes required for nucleic acid replication

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26
Q

When a virus transfers DNA from one bacteria to another to cause genetic recombination..

A

Transduction

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27
Q

Additional pieces of DNA that have supplemental genes in prokaryotes

A

Plasmid

28
Q

Bacterial types that stain purple and have thick wall of peptidoglycan

A

Gram +

29
Q

Rod shaped prokaryote

A

Bacillus

30
Q

A rigid tubelike structure that allows certain bacteria to attach to their host to transfer some of their DNA to another bacterial cell

A

Pilus

31
Q

When DNA is absorbed by bacterial cells from their environment to cause generic recombination

A

Transformation

32
Q

Spherical shaped prokaryote

A

Coccus

33
Q

A heat, water and chemical resistant structure domes by some Bacteria to survive unfavorable environmental conductions

A

Endospore

34
Q

The single circular DNA

A

Prokaryotic chromosome

35
Q

Bacterial type that stains red and has a thin wall of peptidoglycan

A

Gram -

36
Q

Polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of a prokaryote

A

peptidoglycan

37
Q

When DNA is passed from one bacteria to another through physical contact to cause genetic recombination

A

Conjunction

38
Q

Use light as their energy source and CO2 as their carbon source

A

Photoautotroph

39
Q

Archea that live in high temperature environments

A

Thermophiles

40
Q

Obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and use CO2 as their carbon source

A

Chemoautotrophs

41
Q

Archea that live in high salt environments

A

Halophiles

42
Q

Don’t require oxygen

A

Anaerobes

43
Q

Archea that live in normal environments

A

Mesophile

44
Q

Obtain energy by oxidizing organic molecules and use already prepared organic chemicals as their carbon source

A

Chemoheterotroph

45
Q

Archea that live in extreme environments

A

Extremophile

46
Q

Use light as their energy source and organic chemicals as their carbon source

A

Photoheterotroph

47
Q

Use oxygen when present, otherwise produce energy anaerobically

A

Facultative anaerobes

48
Q

Do not require oxygen; poisoned by it

A

Obligated anaerobes

49
Q

Archea live in cold environments

A

Psychrophiles

50
Q

Production of antibodies in the body in response to exposure to a foreign antigen

A

Active immunity

51
Q

Response mounted by exposure to an antigen for the first time

A

Primary immune response

52
Q

Involves production of specific proteins by B cell derivative that bind to foreign molecules

A

Antibody mediated immunity

53
Q

Response mounted by exposure to an antigen for a second or lot of times

A

Secondary immune response

54
Q

Involves the activation of T cell derivatives that attach to foreign cells and kill them

A

Cell mediated immunity

55
Q

Acquisition of antibodies by direct transfer from another individual

A

Passive immunity

56
Q

The proliferation of a particular clone of cells

A

Clonal expression

57
Q

Organ of the lymphatic system involved in the maturation of T-cells

A

Thymus

58
Q

Specific region of an antigen molecule

A

Epitope

59
Q

A cell that presents antigens on its surface

A

Antigen presenting cell

60
Q

A foreign molecule that triggers an adaptive immunity response

A

Antigen

61
Q

Family of proteins that serve as antibodies

A

Immunoglobins

62
Q

Process by which a lymphocyte is specifically selected for cloning

A

Clonal selection

63
Q

Protein that binds to antigens and mark them for elimination

A

Antibodies

64
Q

Ability to recognize previous antigens and foreign cells

A

Immunological memory

65
Q

React with a particular epitope of an antigen

A

Monoclonal antibody

AP Biology (8 decks)

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