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AP Biology > Chapter 13-15 > Flashcards

Chapter 13-15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Obtained excellent x-Ray diffraction photographs that suggest DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units

A

Franklin

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2
Q

The first to build an accurate model of DNA and describe it as a double helix transformation

A

Watson and Crick

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3
Q

Showed that the cell contained a gooey substance called nuclein (nulein acid)

A

Miescher

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4
Q

Provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A =T and the other is that C=G

A

Chargaff

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5
Q

Discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial

A

Avery

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6
Q

Showed that a transforming principle from heat-killed S strain Streptococcus pneumonia expulsion be used to make the R strain virulent

A

Griffith

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7
Q

The first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material

A

Hershey and Chase

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8
Q

Used different density gradients of DNA to determine DNA replication was semi-conservative

A

Meselson and Stahl

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9
Q

What doesn’t occur in prokaryotic gene expression, but does in eukaryotic gene?

A

A poly-A tail is added to the 3’ end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5’ end

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10
Q

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes the start codon is_____, which codes for the amino acid_____

A

AUG, methionine

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11
Q

A eukaryotic transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that

A

Many noncoding stretches of nucleotides are present in eukaryotic DNA

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12
Q

The TATA box is the binding site found on____ in order for____ to occur

A

DNA, transcription

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13
Q

In comparing DNA replication with RNA transcription in the same cell, what is true only of replication?

A

The entire template molecule is represented in the product

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14
Q

What’s true?
A.) gene mutations occur independently of each other
B.) gene mutations are relatively rare
C.) mutations are random; that is, it is impossible to predict exactly when a specific gene will mutate but an expected frequency can be assigned
D.) all are true

A

D

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15
Q

Pepsin, a digestive enzyme that degrades proteins in the stomach, is synthesized as Pepsinogen and converted to active Pepsin in the stomach by the removal of several amino acids. The activation of pepsin is an example of

A

Posttranslational regulation

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16
Q

In colorectal cancer, several genes must be mutated in order to a cell a cancer cell. What kinds of genes need to be mutated?

A

Genes involving in the control of the cell cycle

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17
Q

Original: THECATATETHERAT

  1. ) THERATATETHECAT
  2. ) THETACATETHERAT
  3. ) THECATARETHERAT
  4. ) CATATETHERAT

What’s a single substitution mutation?
Framshift mutation?

A

Substitution: C
Frameshift: D

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18
Q

What adds individual nucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing strand to build a new DNA strand during DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

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19
Q

Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they…

A

Express different genes

20
Q

What is the first event to take place in translation in eukaryotes?

A

The small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the 5’ cap of mRNA

21
Q

Translocation is the process whereby the____ moves in order to place the tRNA bound to the growing polypeptide chain in the___ site, thereby freeing the_____ site for a new aminoacyl-tRNA.

A

Ribosome, P, A

22
Q

What nucleotide sequence represents the complementary sequence that would bind to the DNA strand 5’-GACGTT-3’

A

3’-CTGCAA-5’

23
Q

A mutation in this section of DNA could influence the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA

A

Promoter

24
Q

The two strands of a DNA double helix are said to be antiparallel. This means that…

A

The 5’ end of one strand is directly paired with the 3’ end of the other strand.

25
Q

The central dogma describes the flow of information of gene expression as…

A

DNA–> RNA—-> protein

26
Q

What provides evidence that RNA probably evolved before DNA?

A

DNA polymerase uses an RNA primer.

27
Q

What’s not true about transposons is FLASE?

A

Transposons may reduce the amount of DNA within certain cells

28
Q

Which of the regions of the ribosome accepts charged tRNA molecules during the elongation phase of translation?

A

The A site

29
Q

At the start of translation the initiator tRNA is basepaired with the start codon at____ in the Ribosome

A

The P site

30
Q

What catalyzes the unwinding of the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase

31
Q

RNA transcribed from a protein-coding gene that is ready to be used in translation

A

mRNA

32
Q

RNA that binds with proteins to make a particle that is involved in removal of introns and joining exons

A

snRNA

33
Q

RNA that forms part of the ribosome

A

rRNA

34
Q

RNA with an anticodon and a linkage site for a specific amino acid

A

tRNA

35
Q

RNA in eukaryotes that must be processed in the nucleus before it is ready to be translated

A

pre-mRNA

36
Q

A geneticist introduces a transgene into yeast cells and isolates I’ve independent cell lines in which the transgene has integrated into the yeast genome. In four of the lines, the transgene is expressed strongly, but in the fifth there is no expression at all. What is a likely explanation for the lack of transgene expression in the fifth cell line?

A

A transgene integrated into a heterochromatic region of the genome

37
Q

What is an example of post-transcription control of gene expression?

A

The removal of introns and alternative splicing of exons

38
Q

Interrupted coding sequences include long sequences of bases that do not code for amino acids. These noncoding sequences called, ____, are found in_______ cells

A

Introns; eukaryotic

39
Q

In order for the DNA to be transcribed, the chromosome must be…

A

Euchromatin, which allows a RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter

40
Q

Feedback inhibition of the first enzyme of a pathway by the end product of the pathway is an example of..

A

Posttranslational control

41
Q

During DNA replication, the____strand is assembled in the_____ direction that the DNA double helix unwinds and is produced by____ replication

A

Lagging; opposite; continuous

42
Q

During DNA replication, DNA ligase is most active on the lagging strand, why?

A

The lagging strands contain the more short DNA segments than the leading strand, and these short segments are joined together by DNA ligase

43
Q

Translational controls of protein levels in bacteria are governed by….

A

The rate at which the ribosomes attach to mRNA molecules

44
Q

The DNA of an organism is studied and found to contain 14% guanine. This organism should have _____% thymine and _____% cytosine in its DNA

A

36;14

45
Q

The role of a tumor suppressing cell is to….

A

Halt cell division in healthy cells experimenting difficulties in DNA replication.

46
Q

Homeotic genes generally control

A

Mapping the basic body plan

AP Biology (8 decks)

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