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Chapter 34 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did vertebrates rise and from what?

A

First sign of vertebrate life is the Myllokunmingia (fish). It had plates resembling a skull, no vertebrae. 530 mya. First fossil evidence of any sort of skull like feature.

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2
Q

How do vertebrates get their name?

A

The vertebrae or bones in the backbone.

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3
Q

What is a craniate?

A

An organism with a skull or skull like structure.

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4
Q

How did modern amphibians rise?

A

It is assumed that one species left sea and through evolution eventually lead to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

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5
Q

How many vertebrates are there?

A

Roughly 57,000. It is a small percentage of organisms but most of the largest organisms to exist are vertebrates. Large variety in many different ways.

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6
Q

What are the derived traits of chordates and identify them.

A

Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Pharyngeal slits of clefts
Muscular post anal tail

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7
Q

What are the derived traits of chordates and identify them.

A

Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Pharyngeal slits of clefts
Muscular post anal tail

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8
Q

What are chordates?

A

Bilaterian animals that belong to the clade Deuterostomia.

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9
Q

What are the 2 groups of Chordates?

A

Urochordates and Cephlaochordates.

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10
Q

What are Urochordates?

A

An example is Tuniates. Have all 4 Chordate traits.

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11
Q

What are Cephalochordates?

A

An example is Lancelet. Have all 4 Chordate traits.

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12
Q

What’s the difference between Vertebretes and Notachords?

A

In vertebrates, the bony vertebrae grow around the spinal cord, protecting it on all sides. Animals with only a notochord lack this protection, as the spinal cord sits between the notochord and the skin.

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13
Q

What is the difference between Urochordates and Cephlaochordates?

A

In Urochordata, the notochord is extended towards the posterior part, forming a tail in the larval stages. In Cephalochordata, the notochord is extended to the anterior part.

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14
Q

Do you have to have a vertebrae to be a Chordate?

A

No you don’t.

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15
Q

Do all 4 chordate traits have to exist during all stages of life?

A

No, some chordates only have all 4 of these traits during development.

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16
Q

Do all 4 chordate traits have to exist during all stages of life?

A

No, some chordates only have all 4 of these traits during development.

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17
Q

What is the Notochord?

A

A longitudinal, flexible rod, located between nerve cord and digestive tube.

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18
Q

Where is the Notochord present?

A

In all chordates, in all embryos and some adults.

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19
Q

What is the Notochord made of?

A

Cells encased in stiff, fibrous tissue, giving skeletal support.

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20
Q

What are some uses for the Notochord?

A

The muscle structure allows for muscles to work during swimming.

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21
Q

When is a jointed skeleton with the Notochord present?

A

In most vertebrates a jointed skeleton develops around the notochord & only remnants of embryonic notochord remain.

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22
Q

What is the Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord?

A

A hollow tube located above the Notochord.

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23
Q

Do other phyla’s have Nerve Cords?

A

Yes, but it is located below usually. .

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24
Q

How does the Nerve Cord develop?

A

Into the central nervous system of the brain and the spinal cord.

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25
Q

What are Pharyngeal Slits of Clefts?

A

A characteristic of Chordates, that are pouches separated by groves along the side of the pharynx.

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26
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

In humans the upper throat area.

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27
Q

What are the grooves separating the pouches in Pharyngeal slits or Clefts?

A

Known as Pharyngeal Clefts.

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28
Q

What do these Pharyngeal clefts develop into for Vertebretes?

A

Slits and arches to support gills.

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29
Q

What do Pharyngeal slits allow for in invertebrate Chordates?

A

A suspension-feeding device allowing water to enter mouth and exit body in invertebrates that need it.

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30
Q

How do Pharyngeal slits develop in Tetrapods?

A

Develop into parts of the ear, specifically the 3 earbones called the malleus, stapes, and incus. Also develops into different parts of the head and neck.

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31
Q

What are the 3 smallest bones in the ear that are from the Pharyngeal slits?

A

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes.

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32
Q

What is the Post-Anal Tail?

A

A tail that Chordates have that extends past the anus. In most species it is mostly present in embryonic development.

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33
Q

What does the Post-Anal tail do for different animals?

A

For fish it allows for swimming, some for suspension in water, and in terrestrial animals it can indicate behavior or disappears after embryonic development.

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34
Q

What is a Lancelet?

A

Most basal group of chordates. A small fish like organism with all 4 Chordate characteristics.

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35
Q

What is different between Lancelets and more general Chordates?

A

Lancelets are very basic, and simple. Believed to resemble the first Chordates.

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36
Q

How do Lancelets eat?

A

It is a suspension feeder that buries into sediment. Draws seawater in through mouth.

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37
Q

What Phylum are Lancelets in?

A

Phylum Chordata, subphylum Cephalochordate.

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38
Q

What is a Tunicate?

A

Marine organisms more closely related to other Chordates.

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39
Q

What is the subphylum of Tunicates?

A

Urochordata.

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40
Q

What is interesting about the Tunicate genome?

A

Genes associated with heart and thyroid are found in them 9 Hox genes, other chordates have 13 Nerve impulses unique to vertebretes

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41
Q

What is the development of a tunicate?

A

They resemble other chordates during larval stage however they undergo drastic metamorphis.

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42
Q

How do Tunicates feed?

A

Through siphoning water and filtering for particles.

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43
Q

How do Tunicates feed?

A

Through siphoning water and filtering for particles.

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44
Q

How are Lancelets and Tunicates classified?

A

Chordates. Cephalochordate (Lancelets) and Urochordate (tunicates). They are the 2 groups of invertebrates within this phylum.

Both are Deuterostome, Chordate, and Invertebrates.

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45
Q

How are jaw-less fish classified?

A

Chordata, Vertebrata, Agnatha
Hagfish and Lampreys are the only lineages alive today.

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46
Q

What are the characteristics of jaw-less fish?

A

Eel-like body shape, no jaw, no paired fins or scales, cartilage skeleton, and presence of rudimentary vertebrae.

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47
Q

What common characteristics are used to classify craniates?

A

They all have a head!
Brain, eyes, sensory organs, and skull.

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48
Q

What are vertebrates with a jaw called?

A

Gnathostomes.

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49
Q

What is a Hagfish?

A

Jawless vertebrates that have a cartilage skull, reduced vertebrae, and flexible rod of cartilage derived from notochord.

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50
Q

What are characteristics of a Hagfish?

A

Marine animals with small brain, eyes, ears, and tooth-like formations. They release slime when there are predators. Consume nutrients through their skin.

51
Q

What is the ecological role of a Hagfish?

A

They are decomposers. Hagfish eat whale bodies after they sink.

52
Q

What are Lampreys?

A

Parasites that feed by clamping onto fish. Inhabit marine habitats mostly fresh water while they are larval. Eventually migrate to sea.

53
Q

What are some characteristics of Lamphreys?

A

Cartilage segments surrounding notochord and arch partly over nerve chord.

54
Q

What are the defining traits used to identify Vertebrates?

A

Vertebrae enclosing spinal cord
Fin rays for aquatic forms
An Elaborate Skull

55
Q

What is Mieralization?

A

The addition of minerals like calcium to provide rigidity.

56
Q

What are the earliest known mineralized structures?

A

Conodont Mouthparts.

57
Q

What is a Conodont?

A

A mouthpart.

58
Q

How do Conodont’s contribute to our understanding of vertebrae evolution?

A

They were mineralized dental elements that allowed us to see them in fossil record. First evidence of bones.

59
Q

What are the defining traits for Gnathostomes?

A

A hinged jaw on a Vertebrate.

60
Q

What are jaws hypothesized to have evolved from?

A

Modification of skeletal rods supporting Pharyngeal gills.

61
Q

What are the 3 extant lineages of Gnathostomes?

A
  1. Lobe-Fins
  2. Ray-Finned Fishes
  3. Chondrichthyans
62
Q

What is a Chondrichthyian (cartilaginous fish)?

A

~sharks, rays, skates, and ratfish
-Lightweight and flexible skeletons
-Movable jaws with well developed teeth
-Tough leathery skin, scaleless but have placoid scales
-Ventral mouth

63
Q

What are Skates and Rays?

A

~Rays and skates
-Pectoral Fins are enlarged (wings)
-Feed on clams, small fishes, and crabs
-Some filter feed
-Venemous tail spike

64
Q

How are sharks characterized?

A

The Caudal Fin and Heterocercal Tail. Conveyor belt of teeth.

65
Q

How do sharks eat?

A

Most are carnivorous however some of the largest sharks are actually filter feeders.

66
Q

What is the basic anatomy of a Ray-Finned Fish?

A

Dorsoventrally flat with ventral gill slits, mouths, and eyes on top.

67
Q

How are Ray-Finned Fish classified?

A

They are Actnnopterrygii. Include almost all familiar Osteichytyans (bone fish).

68
Q

How do skates reproduce?

A

Sexually, lay eggs.

69
Q

How do Rays reproduce?

A

Sexually, live birth.

70
Q

How do Rays reproduce?

A

Sexually, live birth.

71
Q

What is a rat fish?

A

Very rare fish found in deep water. Skeleton made of cartilage. 1 pair of gill slits.

72
Q

What is a Ratfish?

A

Very rare fish found in deep water. Skeleton made of cartilage. 1 pair of gill slits.

73
Q

What are the 3 lineages of Lobe-Finned Fish?

A
  1. Coelocanths
  2. Lungfish
  3. Tetrapods
74
Q

What is a Lobe-Finned Fish?

A

Sarcopterygii fish with lobbed fins
Give rise to tetrapods, lungfish, and coelacants
Found in Southern Hmeisphere
Gills used for gas exchange but also can gulp air.

75
Q

What are Ray-Finned Fishes?

A

They are Actinopterygii, all the fish we know and eat, have ray fins for manuvering and defense. tuna, lionfish, seahorse, eel.

76
Q

What are the 3 groups of Chondrichthians?

A
  1. Sharks
  2. Rays and Skates
  3. Ratfish
77
Q

What are Coelacanths?

A

A Lobe-Finned Fish. Bioluminescent, thought to have been extinct.

78
Q

What is a Lungfish?`

A

Fish found in Southern Hemisphere. Use gills to exchange gas, but have a lung. Populations in different areas are vastly different.

79
Q

What are the 5 defining traits of Tetrapods?

A
  1. 4 limbs and feet with digits
  2. A neck allowing for neck movement
  3. Fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone
  4. Absence of gills (some aquatic tetrapods do however)
  5. Ears for detecting sounds
80
Q

How are Tetrapods relevant and significant in terms of terrestrial vertebrate life?

A

When Lobe-finned fishes evolved into land creatures and terrestrial life. Start to most life that we know today.

81
Q

Are Tunicates and Lancelets Vertebrates?

A

No.

82
Q

What is the significance if Tittaalik?

A

First organism to prop itself up on land. Had ability to contract lungs.

83
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Tittalik?

A

Enlarged Ribs, Raised Eyes, Lungs, Gills, Scales, Neck, and Shoulders. Bone pattern of Tetrapod limb. Lack of dorsal and anal fins.

84
Q

What are the traits used to identify Aminotes?

A

~Reptiles, birds, and mammals. Biggest difference from other amphibians is the amniotic egg.

85
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Amniotic egg?

A
  1. Amnion
  2. Chorion
  3. Yolk Sac
  4. Allantois
86
Q

What is the evolutionary significance of the Amniotic egg?

A

Key for evolution to terrestrial life because it allows for the embryo to develop on land in a private pond (the egg) so it reduced the dependence on an aquatic environment.

87
Q

What are distinctive characteristics of the Synapsid Skull?

A

A single temporal fenestra and a hole behind eye socket on either side of the skull?

88
Q

What are the 3 lineages of Mammals?

A
  1. Monotremes
  2. Marsupials
  3. Eutherians
89
Q

What is the Amnion in the Amniotic egg?

A

Protects embryo in a fluid-filled cavity that is a shock absorber.

90
Q

What is the Chorion in the Amniotic egg?

A

Allows for gas exchange between embryo and the air.(includes allantonic).

91
Q

What is the Yolk Sac in the Amniotic egg?

A

Contains the yolk of the embryo. Stockpile of nutrients.

92
Q

What is the Allantois in the Amniotic egg?

A

A disposal sac for metabolic waste from the embryo.

93
Q

What is the difference between bird eggs and reptile eggs?

A

Amphibians are shell-less eggs and Amniotic eggs have shells. Bird eggs are made of calcium carbonate and are rigid.
Reptile and Mammal eggs are leathery and flexible.
Both slow dehydration.

94
Q

What is a Lobe-Finned Fish?

A

Sarcopterygii fish with lobbed fins
Give rise to tetrapods, lungfish, and coelacants
Found in Southern Hemisphere
Gills used for gas exchange but also can gulp air.

95
Q

What are Ray-Finned Fishes?

A

They are Actinopterygii, all the fish we know and eat, have ray fins for maneuvering and defense. tuna, lionfish, seahorse, eel.

96
Q

What are the 5 traits used to identify mammals?

A
  1. Mammary Glands that produce milk
  2. Hair
  3. A high metabolic rate due to endothermy
  4. A larger brain than other vertebrates of equal size
  5. Differentiated Teeth
97
Q

Are Mammals amniotes?

A

Yes. Egg is dispensed in mother’s body.

98
Q

Are Mammals synapsids?

A

In evolution of Mammals from Synapsids, 2 bones that were a part of the jaw were incorporates into the “middle ear”.

99
Q

What are Monotremes?

A

~Echnidas and Platypus
A small group of egg-laying mammals. Are an egg that attach on outside of mom.

100
Q

What are Marsupials?

A

~Opossums, Kangaroos, and koalas
Embryo develops into placenta and is then born early. Completes development wile using in marsupium pouch.

101
Q

What are Eutherians?

A

Placental Mammals. Complete embryonic development in uterus, joined to mother through placenta. Not one agreed upon diversification time period.

102
Q

What is the first sign of vertebrate life?

A

Myllokunmingia.

103
Q

What is a spiracular tract and what does it have to do with tetrapod evolution?

A

The tract allows fish to breathe when their mouth was busy eating. It shows that the fish was breathing with either gills or lungs. It was a hole on the top of the head.

104
Q

What does the anatomy of a bichir have in common with early tetrapodomorphs?

A

The spiracular tract opens up near the front of the skull just like tetrapods.

105
Q

How could a swim bladder have given rise to lungs?

A

Swim bladders filled with air which fish gulp to keep them buoyant. We think that the swim bladder got bigger containing more blood vessels so it became better at putting oxygen in the bloodstream. Over time it evolved into breathing. The fish today have a split swim bladder full of blood vessels resembling lungs.

106
Q

During the Devonian what was happening to oxygen levels both on land and in water? How does this environmental condition factor into tetrapod evolution?

A

New plants were dying on land then getting washed into the ocean. Organic material fueled huge algal blooms and bacteria. This sucked up oxygen in the water, there was more oxygen on land causing a pull for land cretures.

107
Q

What is the the significance of Thrinaxodon in the evolution of vertebrate terrestrial life?

A

The thrinaxodon survived during the great dying, which made it so mammals could live.

108
Q

When was the “Great Dying”? How did this event affect life on Earth?

A

The end of the Permian era, the extinction of animals. It wiped out all transitional animals but one.

109
Q

What is a Sauropsid and how is it different from a Synapsid?

A

Sauropsid- reptiles and birds, 2 pairs of openings in skull
Synapsid- mammels, one pair of opening in skull

110
Q

What is the significance of the Pelycosaurs in the evolution of vertebrate terrestrial life?

A

The first ever large land animals to eat plants,

111
Q

What’s the significance of the Therapsids in the evolution of vertebrate terrestrial life. How were their skulls, jaws and teeth adapted for a more active, high-energy lifestyle?

A

Differentiated teeth, developed secondary pallet and nasal turbinate, moved faster and had high energy. Maintained thermos regulation.

112
Q

What’s the significance of the Cynodonts in the evolution of vertebrate terrestrial life?

A

They required less energy and remained diverse.

113
Q

What do Tunicates and Vertebretes share?

A

A notochord and dorsal hollow nerve chord.

114
Q

Living vertebrates can be divided into 2 major clades, what are they?

A

The Cytostomes and Gnathostomes.

115
Q

Unlike Eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials have:

A

Some embryonic development outside of Utereus.

116
Q

What clade doesn’t include humans?
a. synapsids
b. lobe-fins
c. diapsids
d. osteichthyans

A

c. Diapsids.

117
Q

What is the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

A

A sturdy finned, shallow water lobe fin who had appendages resembling terrestrial vertebrates.

118
Q

What do scientists think sharks teeth evolved from?

A

Their teeth.

119
Q

Is the sharks bite more powerful than a crocodiles?

A

No.

120
Q

What is the upper jaw formation?

A

Floating freely.

121
Q

Why do humans survive shark attacks usually?

A

The shark test prey with soft bite.

122
Q

What is a special trait of the goblin shark?

A

Thrusts its jaw forward.

123
Q

How many livers are in a Great White Shark?

A

One.

124
Q

What’s the difference between the lamb and shark liver?

A

The lamb’s liver sinks and the shark’s floats.

Biology 221 (10 decks)

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