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Biology 221 > Chapter 30 > Flashcards

Chapter 30 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a seed?

A

A plant’s reproduction mechanism, can produce another plant.

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2
Q

What does a seed consist of?

A

Seed Coat
Plumule
Hypocotyl
Radicle
Cotyledon

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3
Q

What adaptations do seeds have over spores?

A

-They can be dormant for years until planting
-Resistant to water shortages
-Exposure to UV radiation
-Have a supply of stored food
-They can be transported long distances
-Require no water for fertilization

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4
Q

What is Heterospory?

A

The presence of spores of 2 different sizes and sexes. Microsporangia are Males and Megasporangia are females.

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5
Q

What is the Ovule?

A

The organ that forms seeds, consists of megasporangium, megaspore, and one or two protective integuments.

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6
Q

What are the 4 traits common to all seed plants?

A
  1. Reduced Gametophytes
  2. Heterospory
  3. Ovules
  4. Pollen
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7
Q

What is a pollen grain, and its main role in pollination?

A

A developed Microspore. Fertilizes the ovule.

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8
Q

How does pollen get dispersed?

A

By air or animals.

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9
Q

What features characterize a gymnosperm?

A

-Better suited to nonvascular plants
-Served as food for herbivorous dinosaurs
-Produce cones, but not flowers

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10
Q

Describe reproductive features of a gymnosperm.

A

The big cones are female and above them are the male cones that are much smaller. The pollen blows into the female megaspore.

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11
Q

What are the 4 gymnosperm phyla?

A

Cycadophyta (cycads)
Gingkophyta (one living species: Ginkgo biloba)
Gnetophyta (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia)
Coniferophyta (conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood)

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12
Q

What are the 3 key features of gymnosperm?

A
  1. Miniaturization of their gametophytes
  2. Development of seeds from fertilized ovules
  3. The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
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13
Q

What are some details about the Cycadophyta Phylum?

A

-Individuals have large comes like palm trees
-Are endangered
-Live in tropics
-Cones are either male or females
-Pollinated by beetles
-Coating of photosynthetic bacteria on leaves (poisonous)
-Have flagellated sperm
-Live for over 1000 years

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14
Q

What are some details about the Ginkgophyta Phylum?

A

-One single species, Ginkgo Biloba
-Supplement for tinnitus and memory
-Have flagellated sperm
-Native to china
-Ornamental tree
-High tolerance to air pollution
-Very stable DNA

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15
Q

What are some details about the Gnetophyta Phylum?

A

-3 genera: Welwitschia, Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia
-Several supplements

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16
Q

What are some details about the Coniferophyta Phylum?

A

-Largest of the phylums
-Very tall
-Photosynthesis year round
-Evergreen
-Greatly reduced leaves

17
Q

What are the characteristics of an Angiosperm?

A

Fruits and flowers. Formed when the ovary wall thickens and matures.

18
Q

When did Angiosperms first evolve and what evidence do we have of it?

A

305 million years ago, Bennettitales and Amborella are evidence

19
Q

What are the 4 methods of seed dispersal?

A
  1. Wind
  2. Water
  3. Animals
  4. Explosions
20
Q

What plants have what pollinators?

A

Bees – yellow and blue flowers
Hoverflies – white and yellow flowers
Butterflies – deep cone shaped flowers
Hummingbirds – red
Moths and Bats –White flowers

21
Q

Why are global pollinators in decline?

A

Habitat destruction and Pesticides.

22
Q

What are the differences between a eudicot and monocot?

A

Monocot: 1 cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered tissue, no main root, pollen with 1 opening, flowers in 2 or 3 (3,6,9)

Eudicot: 2 cotyledon, netlike veins, tissue in ring, taproot present, pollen grain 3 openings, flowers in 4 or 5 (4,5,10)

23
Q

What are some details about angiosperm diversity?

A

-250,000 species
-2 groups are Monocots and Eudicots

24
Q

What are the 3 basal angiosperms?

A
  1. Amborella
  2. Water lilies
  3. Star anise
25
Q

What is the most basal angiosperm?

A

Amborella.

26
Q

Examples of Monocots.

A

Vanilla, Saffron, Turtle Grass, Sugar Cane, Orchids, Grasses, Palms.

27
Q

Example of Eudicots.

A

Snow Pea, Dog Rose, Venus Fly Trap, Coffee, Opium Poppy, Cannabis.

28
Q

What is the importance of basal angiosperms now days?

A
29
Q

In what ways do humans rely on plants?

A

Key source of food, wood products, and medicine. 80% of food calories.

30
Q

What are major threats to plant diversity.

A

-Climate Change
-Invasive Species
-Monocultures
-Habitat Destruction

Biology 221 (10 decks)

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