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Biology 221 > Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Flashcards

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1
Q

What organism first started “Greening the Earth”?

A

Cyanobacteria.

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2
Q

What is the Oxygen Catastrophe?

A

When cyanobacteria started releasing too much oxygen, wiping out almost all anaerobic life.

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3
Q

What started the Oxygen catastrophe?

A

Cyanobacteria.

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4
Q

What are the 5 characteristics that are shared between land plants and algae?

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Eukaryotic
  3. Phostosynthetic Autotrophs
  4. Cell Walls of Cellulose
  5. Have Chloroplasts with both Chlorophyll a and b
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5
Q

What are the 3 characteristics that charophytes share with land plants?

A
  1. Rosette shaped cellulose-synethsizing complexes
  2. Structure of Flagelleted sperm
  3. Formation of Pharmoplast
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6
Q

What are the benefits to a terrestrial habitat compared to an aquatic habitat?

A
  1. Sunlight unfiltered by water and plankton
  2. Atmosphere with more plentiful carbon dioxide than water
  3. Soil rich in minerals & nutrients
  4. Initially few herbivores & pathogens
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7
Q

What is the closest relative to land plants?

A

Charophytes.

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8
Q

What is Green Algae called?

A

Charophytes.

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9
Q

What are the major adaptations that enabled plants to colonize land?

A
  1. Charophyte algae inhabit shallow waters where they are subject to drying
  2. Natural Selection favors survival without water
  3. One adaptation is a protective layer that prevents zygotes from drying
  4. Similar adaptations found in walls of plant spores
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10
Q

What are the 5 main traits that appear in most land plants but not in charophyte algae?

A
  1. Alternation of generations
  2. Multicellular, dependent embryos
  3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
  4. Multicellular gametangia
  5. Apical Meristems
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11
Q

Describe Alternation od Generations.

A

Plants alternate between two multicellular stages: reproductive cycle call alternation of generations

Gametophyte (haploid)->produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Fusion of Gametes-> DIPLOID SPOROPHYTE, which produces HAPLOID SPORES by meiosis

ARE BOTH DIPLOID OR HAPLOID AT ONE POINT OR ANOTHER IN THEIR LIFE

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12
Q

Describe MultiCellular Dependent Embryos.

A

Develop from zygotes (retained within the tissues of the female parent)

Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through placental transfer cells

Land plants are called EMBRYOPHYTES becasue of the dependency of the embryo on the parent

LIVE OFF OF MOM OR FEMALE PARENT AS EMBRYO

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13
Q

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages to MultiCellular Dependent Embryos?

A

The embryo is very protected and doesn’t need to rely on tissue from the environment, however the embryos drain nutrients from parent plant and the maternal plant has to give those nutrients to thousands.

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14
Q

Describe Walled Spores in Spogarania.

A

Spores are haploid reproductive cells with outer wall that protects them in a dry terrestrial environment

SPORANGIA is an organ that produces spores

Diploid cells called SPOROCYTES undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

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15
Q

Describe Multicellular Gametangia.

A

Gametes are produced within organs called GAMETANGIA.
enclose and protect plant cell.

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16
Q

What are the different terms for females realting to Multicellular Gametangia?

A

Female gametangia, called ARCHEGONIA, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization
(yellow egg)

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17
Q

What are the different terms for males realting to Multicellular Gametangia?

A

Male gametangia, called ANTHERIDIA, produce and release sperm
(brown sperm)

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18
Q

Describe Apical Meristrems.

A

Plants sustain continual growth in their APICAL MERISTEMS

Cells from the apical meristems differentiate into various tissues

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19
Q

What are some other adaptations that land plants have?

A
  1. Cuticle
  2. Stomata
  3. Mycorrihaze
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20
Q

What is the protective layer that prevents zygote from drying out?

A

It’s called the sporopollenin.

21
Q

What are the major phyla of extant Brophtye plants?

A

-Bryophytes represented by 3 phyla of small herbaceous (non-woody), nonvascular plants
-were thought to represent the earliest lineages to diverge from the common ancestor of land plants
1. phylum Hepatophyta
-liverworts
2. phylum Bryophyta
-mosses
3. phylum Anthocerophyta
-hornworts

22
Q

What are Bryophotes?

A

Categories separates into 3 main sections. Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts. Thought to be earliest lineages of land plants.

23
Q

How do mosses impact Nitrogen availability?

A

-mosses are capable of inhabiting diverse and sometimes extreme environments (common in moist forests and wetlands)
-some mosses might help retain nitrogen in the soil
-mosses act like a sponge and hold nutrients and moisture in the soil

24
Q

Why does Nitrogen availability matter?

A

-nitrogen is one of the biggest limiting resources that a plant needs for growth

25
Q

What is a seedless vascular plant?

A

-seedless vascular plants have flagellated sperm and are usually restricted to moist environments
-reproduction in these plants required water to carry egg/sperm for fertilization
-vascular tissue allowed for increased height which produced an evolutionary advantage

26
Q

What are the various structures and functions found in vascular plants?

A
  1. xylem
  2. phloem
  3. roots
  4. leaves
27
Q

What is the historical and ecological structure of seedless vascular plants?

A

-ancestors of modern lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns grew to great heights during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods forming the first forests
-increased growth and photosynthesis removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and may have contributed to global cooling at the end of the Carboniferous period
-plants of these Carboniferous forests eventually became coal because there were no microbes to digest lignin and cellulose and the layers of lignin and cellulose were compressed into the Earth
-the end of the Carboniferous period marked an increased prominence of seed plants (mostly gymnosperms but later angiosperms dominate)

28
Q

Why was the ocean green during the Archaean?

A

-oceans were full of iron causing green rust to form where there’s a lack of oxygen
-oxygen was in short supply everywhere in the Archean

29
Q

How and why did the oceans color change in eons after the Archaean?

A

-photosynthesizers showed up and started to produce more oxygen
-bacteria (blue-green cyanobacteria or purple microbe called halobacteria)
-photosynthetic bacteria changed the chemical balance of the entire biosphere and eventually altered the face of our planet
-oxygen from these new bacteria began reacting with the iron in the oceans turning the oceans from green to a deep blood-red as the seas begin to fill with iron oxide (rust)

30
Q

How did the first photosynthetic organisms change our planet?

A

-photosynthetic organisms used up most of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which caused the temperature to drop and had released more oxygen into the atmosphere
-oxygen reacts with methane and takes it out of circulation
-photosynthetic organisms decreased the levels of greenhouse gases which triggered a global glaciation
-photosynthetic organisms needed CO2 to survive but they were continually pumping out oxygen
-photosynthetic organisms suffocated by their own waste and anaerobic life was largely wiped out
-The introduction of photosynthetic organisms caused drastic changes in the climate and radically different chemistry of the planet pushing most of life to the brink of extinction

31
Q

What are phragmoplast?

A

-a group of microtubules that forms between the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell.

32
Q

How did the accumulations of the major adaptations by charophyte ancestors that enabled plants to colonize land impact their descendants?

A

-accumulation of the major adaptive traits by some charophyte ancestors probably enabled their descendants to survive out of water permanently

33
Q

What is the stomata?

A

Specialized cells allowing for gas exchange from plant and environment. They can adapt to environment and location of stomata is in different locations on plants.

34
Q

What is mycorrihaze?

A

Associations between fungi and plants that could have helped plants without true roots get nutrients. It increases surface area of plant to capture more and helps to hold roots in place.

35
Q

What can land plants be informally grouped by?

A

Presence or absence of vascular tissue.

36
Q

What can land plants be informally grouped by?

A

Presence or absence of vascular tissue.

37
Q

What life cycles dominate mosses and other nonvascular plants?

A

-dominated by gametophytes
-they are usually larger and longer-living than the sporophytes

38
Q

What is a Brophyte?

A

-A non vascular plant
-Can grown in very few conditions due to lack of vascular tissue
-Don’t grow tall
-Very reduced root system

39
Q

What are xylem?

A

-conducts most of the water and minerals
-includes tracheids (tube-shaped cells)
-water conducting cells are strengthened by lignin (gives wood properties) and provide structural support

40
Q

What are pholem?

A

-cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

41
Q

What are roots?

A

-organs that anchor vascular plants
-enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil
-may have evolved from subterranean stems

42
Q

What are leaves?

A

-organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants and allow capturing of more solar energy to be used for photosynthesis
-they are highly adapted to the environment they live in

43
Q

What are the living vascular plants characterized by?

A
  1. life cycles with dominant sporophytes (instead of gametophytes like in bryophytes)
  2. vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
  3. well-developed roots and leaves
44
Q

What are the 2 clades that divide seedless vascular plants?

A
  1. phylum lycophyta
    -club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
  2. phylum monilophyta
    -ferms, horsetails, whisk ferns and relatives
45
Q

Why are ferns an important example of phylum monilophyte?

A

-ferns are the most widespread seedless vascular plants with more than 12,000 species
-most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forests

46
Q

Why are horsetails an important example of phylum monilophyte?

A

-were diverse during the Carboniferous period but are now restricted to the genus Equisetum
-jointed plants (stems have joints and are the main photosynthetic organ)

47
Q

Why are whisk ferns and their relatives important examples of phylum monilophyte?

A

-they resemble ancestral vascular plants but are closely related to modern ferns

48
Q

What are the 2 groups that seed plants can be divided into based on the absence or presence of enclosed chambers in which seeds mature (divide living seed plants)?

A
  1. gymnosperms
    - naked seed plants
    -conifers
  2. angiosperms
    -flowering plants
    -90% of living plants species are angiosperms
49
Q

What is the closest relative of land plants?

A

Charophytes.

Biology 221 (10 decks)

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