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Biology 221 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

Descent with Modifications

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1
Q

What is the mechanism for evolutionary change proposed by Darwin?

A

Charles Darwin proposed Natural Selection as the mechanism of evolutionary change as stated in “On the Origin of Species”.

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2
Q

What is adaptive evolution?

A

Evolutionary change that is in reaction to environment to best suit an organism’s habitat.

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3
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

Organisms adapting in a way to better suit it’s habitat.

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4
Q

What is the theory of catastrophism?

A

That a very large and abrupt event caused strata or bands in sediment as well as killed the species that are found in fossils.

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5
Q

What is the theory of gradualism?

A

The theory of gradualism is that significant geologic events take place very slowly and they accumulate through the same little processes that are occurring today.

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6
Q

What is the theory of uniformitarianism?

A

That Geological processes have not changed throughout the history of the Earth.

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7
Q

What is the mechanism for evolutionary change?

A

Natural Selection.

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8
Q

How does modern biology relate to Jean Baptiste Lamarck?

A

That organisms progress or evolve towards “perfection”.

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9
Q

How does the Malthusian graph relate to human populations?

A

It relates to the exponential growth of humans and how resources are not exponential triggering population decline.

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10
Q

How did Charles Lyell’s theory of uniformitarianism influence Darwins ideas about evolution?

A

Lyell’s theory that slow processes created the Earth as we know it led Darwin to think that the same slow process created various species.

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11
Q

What did Darwin mean by descent with modification?

A

The idea that species change over time giving rise to new species. They have common ancestry.

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12
Q

What evidence made Darwin believe that species change over time?

A

Darwin observed that finches on the island he went to had beaks that matched their needs for survival in their habitat.

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13
Q

What are 2 observations made by Darwin to propose natural selection in relation to evolution?

A

Observation 1: Members of a population vary in their inherited traits.
Observation 2: All species can produce more than the environment can support, leading to not all offspring getting to reproduce.

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14
Q

What are 2 inferences made by Darwin to propose natural selection in relation to evolution?

A

Inference 1: Inherited traits have higher probability of more offspring.
Inference 2: Unequal ability to survive and reproduce mean favorable traits accumulate across time.

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15
Q

What is the difference between artificial and natural selection?

A

Artificial selection is stimulated or chosen by humans breeding organism to best fit our own needs or potentially the environments.

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16
Q

Why can a single organism not evolve?

A

It takes generations so there needs to be reproduction.

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17
Q

Why can natural selection only act on heritable traits?

A

Because organisms can not will their genetics to change.

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18
Q

What experiments supported Endler’s theory that differences in color patterns in male guppies are due to selective pressure from predation?

A

The guppy experiment proves that the brightly colored male guppies attracted more mates.

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19
Q

How does natural selection favor the evolution of drug resistant pathogens?

A

Natural Selection favors drug resistant pathogens because bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics like penicillin were able to reproduce and mate despite penicillin and an immune generation is formed which multiplies exponentially.

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20
Q

How can the fossil record be used to test current understanding of evolutionary patters?

A

Fossil records show the various evolutionary change and adaptation of several thousands of years showing common ancestry for the organisms today.

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21
Q

What conditions do fossils form?

A
  1. A location with no predation
  2. Must be bone or cartilage or other hard parts
  3. Must be oxygen free environment
  4. Alkaline pH
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22
Q

How does the existence of homologous and vestigial structures explain Darwin’s theory on natural selection?

A

Homologous structures are structures that show common ancestry due to their presence in multiple organisms.
Vestigial structures are body parts that have lost their use in some organisms throughout evolution, yet remain present.
1. Prove that there was a common ancestor.
2. Variants were made to fit environment over time.

23
Q

How does the evidence of biogeography support Darwin’s theory of natural selection?

A

Biogeography proves that organisms although similar adapt to their individual environment overtime. This proves that organisms are capable of evolution through generations of adaptations to reach the most genetically useful state.

24
Q

Why are islands so important to the study of biogeography?

A

Islands are so important to Biogeography because they prove how a species evolves to a smaller and unique environment which can be compared to mainland environments.

25
Q

How did Hutton’s and Lyell’s theories influence Darwin’s thinking about evolution?

A

They both suggested that geologic events in the past were due to the same things happening today.
This suggested that earth must be older than a few thousand years.

26
Q

What was Aristotle’s main importance?

A

Aristotle viewed species as fixed or in order, he made a Scala or a ladder of beings importance.

27
Q

What was Carrolus Linnaeus’ importance here?

A

He was the founder of taxonomy. He came up the binomial format for naming organisms. An example of this is Homo Sapiens.

28
Q

What was Lamarcks important hypothesis?

A

That species evolve from “use and disuse” certain traits.

29
Q

What is an example of the “Use and Disuse” Process?

A

Giraffes that need to reach higher will have longer necks than those who don’t have to reach as tall for food.

30
Q

What is sexual Dimorphism?

A

Sexual Dimorphism is the marked differences between the male and female sex visibly.

31
Q

What are the 4 types of data that document evolution?

A
  1. Direct Observations
  2. Homology
  3. The Fossil Record
  4. Biogeography
32
Q

What is an example of Direct Observation?

A

Farmers noticing that their plants are not responding to pesticides as usual.

33
Q

What is Direct Observation?

A

the collection of data using senses indicating evolution.

34
Q

What is homology?

A

Similarities resulting from common ancestry.

35
Q

What is an example of Homology?

A

Vestigial structures such as cats having a similar bone that resembles the human humerus.

36
Q

What is the Fossil Record?

A

History of organisms or life documented through fossils.

37
Q

What is an example of a Fossil Record?

A

Fossils showing dinosaur’s wings being compared to modern day birds.

38
Q

What is Biogeography?

A

Distribution of similar species evolving differently in different environments?

39
Q

What is an example of Biogeograpy?

A

Species on islands might be evolved completely differently than the same species on main land dew to environment and gene pool.

40
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Certain body parts that are still present however not necessary or helpful to survival. They have lost their purpose through evolution. An example of this is a human spleen or gallbladder.

41
Q

What are evolutionary trees?

A

Evolutionary Trees are hypotheses about relationships among different groups.

42
Q

What is Convergent Evolution?

A

Convergent Evolution is the evolutions of a similair or analogous feature in distantly related groups.

43
Q

What are analogous features?

A

Features that are similar. These traits arise when as evolution goes on completely separate organisms happen to evolve in the same way. An example is Birds and Flying Squirrels are not similar, their ancestors just had to overcome a similar problem.

44
Q

What are endemic species?

A

Endemic species are species that are confines to one specific geographic area.

45
Q

What is Palentology?

A

The study of fossils.

46
Q

Who largely developed Paleontology?

A

George Cuvier.

47
Q

What was George Cuvier’s theory of strata?

A

He theorized that these bands or strata were the representation for a large catastrophic event.

48
Q

What did Geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell perceive?

A

That changes in Earth’s surface can result from the slow occurrences still happening today, at the same rate.

49
Q

Who claimed the theory of Gradualism?

A

Hutton.

50
Q

Who theorized the Theory of Uniformitarianism.

A

Lyell.

51
Q

What is an example of uniformitarianism?

A

Volcanic Eruptions and Earthquakes have been a constant in the Earth’s past.

52
Q

What is an example of Gradualism?

A

Erosion, a constant daily process always occurring.

53
Q

What are the 3 broad observations that Darwin stated in the Origin of Species?

A
  1. Unity of Life
  2. Diversity of Life
  3. The match between organisms and their environment
54
Q

What is the environment where fossils can be made?

A
  1. There needs to be tissue to fossilize (bone).
  2. Environment needs to have low oxygen concentration and high mineral concentration.
  3. There needs to be a high pH or alkaline pH.
  4. Limited scavenging so that the bones remain.

Biology 221 (10 decks)

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