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Biology 221 > Chapter 32 > Flashcards

Chapter 32 Flashcards

An Overview of Animal Diversity

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1
Q

What is the definition of an animal? 4 points.

A

-Animals are heterotrophs that are multicellular eukaryotes.
-Usually have Hox genes.
-Do not have cell walls.
-Tissue and muscle are unique and defining characteristics.

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2
Q

What is the cell structure and celuding cleavage, a blastula, blastocoel, gastrulation, and a gastrula?

A

Animals usually reproduce sexually meaning the diploid stage dominates the animal life cycle. After fertilization occurs, the zygote undergoes cell division known as cleavage. This cleavage leads to formation of multicellular and hollow blastrula. Theblastrula goes through gastrulation formina a gastrula with different layers of tissue.

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3
Q

What are Hox genes and why are they relevant to animal evolution?

A

Most animals, and only animals, have Hox genes that regulate the development of body form.
The Hox family of genes has been highly conserved, but can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology.

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4
Q

What is larva and metamorphosis?

A

A larva is sexually immature and morphologically different from the adult. It eventually undergoes metamorphosis to become a juvenile.

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5
Q

What is a choanoflagellate? What was their role in the development of animals?

A

A group of protists, cited as the closest living relatives to animals. Not extinct, in marine habitats.

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6
Q

What is the role of cadherin in cell to cell adhesion?

A

Cadherin regulates contact, formation, and stability meaning they’re key in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis.

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7
Q

What does the term Ediacaran biota refer to?

A

Early members of the animal fossil record, these dates back 560 Million years.

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8
Q

What organisms are included in the Edicarian Biota?

A

2 examples are: Mawsonites spriggi and Spriggina floundersi.

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9
Q

What is the age of the oldest anll specialization of animals?

A

The cambrian explosion is the mark of the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of animals. Most of the fossils were bilaterans.

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10
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

Formed in earliest stages of embryonic development.
1. Endoderm (inner layer)
2. Ectoderm (outer layer)
3. Mesoderm (middle layer)

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11
Q

Which germ layers give rise to the major organ systems?

A

The endoderm gives rise to internal organs.

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12
Q

Describe animal development, incimal fossils?

A

Most animals reproduce sexually

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13
Q

What is the Cambrian explosion?

A

The Cambrian explosion (535-525 Million years ago) marks the earliest fossil appearance of major groups of animals.

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14
Q

When did mammals begin to replace dinosaurs as the main large herbivores & predators?

A

Cenozoic Era (65.5 Million Years Ago to the Present)

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15
Q

What is a body plan?

A

A set of morphological and developmental traits. Animals can be categorized by presence and type of body plan.

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16
Q

What is an example of a body plan?

A

Sea Jelly’s have a radially symmetrical body plan.
Crabs however have a Bilateral body plan.

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of body symmetry?

A

Radial symmetry and Bilateral Symmetry

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18
Q

What are the differences between the two types of body symmetry?

A

Bilaterally means into 2 sections. Radially means in wedges, or divided like a pie.

19
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of similar cells that act as functioning units.

20
Q

What are the 3 embryonic germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
  3. Mesoderm
21
Q

What are some key differences between coelomates, pseudocoelomates and acoelomate?

A

Coelomates are organisms with a mesodermally lined body cavity, pseudocoelomates are organisms with patches of mesoderm on their body cavity, and acoelomates are organisms with no body cavity at all.

22
Q

What 5 features which are found in living animals reflect their shared phylogeny?

A
  1. All animals share a common ancestor
  2. Sponges are basal animals
  3. Eumetazoa “true animals” is a clade of animals with true tissue
  4. Most animla phyla belong to the clade Bilateria
  5. There are 3 major clades of bilaterian animals, all of which are invertebrates, animals that lack a backbone, except Chordata, which are classified as vertebrates because they have a backbone.
23
Q

What are the 3 major clades of bilaterians?

A
  1. Deuterostomina
  2. Ecdysozoa
  3. Lophotrochozoa
24
Q

What is an example of an Ecdysozoa?

A

A clade of intervertebrates that shed their exoskeletons through a process called ecdysis. An example os Arthopods, so insects and bees.

25
Q

What is an example of a Lophotrochozoa?

A

Another clade of Bilaterian Intervertabrates, some have feeding structures called lophophores and some go through a stage calles trochophore larva. An exmaple is Mullusca and Annelida.

26
Q

What is an example of a Deuterostomia?

A

Intervertabrates and Vertabrates also has echiderms. An example is Hemichordata and Enchinodermata.

27
Q

What is a lophophore?

A

A crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding.

28
Q

What is a juvenille?

A

Past larva stage and resembles physically the adult but not sexually the adult.

29
Q

How many animal species have been named to date?

A

1.3 Million species, and there’s still millions more.

30
Q

When did the common ancestor of all animals exist?

A

700-770 Million years ago.

31
Q

What is cadherin?

A

A protein needed for cell adhesions and cell communication.

32
Q

What are bilaterians?

A

Symmetrically bilateral one way digestive system.

33
Q

What sorts of animals (and animal traits) are represented from Cambrian era fossils?

A

Most fossils from the Cambrian explosion are bilaterians.
1. Bilaterally symmetric body
2. Complete digestive tracht
3. One-way digestive system.

34
Q

What are some hypothesis for the cause of the Cambrian Explosion and decline of Ediacaran biota?

A
  1. New predator prey realtionship
  2. A rise in oxygen
  3. Evolution of Hox gene complex.
35
Q

What is the Ectoderm?

A

Germ layer covering embryo’s surface.

36
Q

What is the Endoderm?

A

Innermost germ layer that lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron.

37
Q

What is the Mesoderm?

A

The middle germ layer, found onlt in triploblastic animals.

38
Q

What are tripoblastic animals?

A

Animals with all 3 germ layers. Have mesoderm layers.

39
Q

What are Diploblastic animals?

A

Animals with only the ectoderm and endoderm.

40
Q

What is a true body cavity called?

A

A Coelomate.

41
Q

What lead to the Cambrian explosion and decline of the Ediacaran biota?

A
  1. New predator Prey relationships
  2. A rise in oxygen levels
  3. Evolution of Hox gene.
42
Q

What is the cambrian explosion an example of?

A

Adaptive Radiation.

43
Q

What does cleavage lead to the formation of?

A

Blastula.

Biology 221 (10 decks)

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