Chapter 31 Flashcards
A feeling of discomfort strong enough to be intrusive and to affect or interfere with normal activity
Pain
View of pain transmission as being controlled by a gate mechanism in the central nervous system
Gate control theory
Naturally occurring opiate- like peptides that modify the perception of pain
Endorphins
Work by blocking the production of the substances that trigger the nociceptors in the transduction phase
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Uses a small electrical stimulator attached to electrodes to block pain.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
___ or tension release, is helpful in reducing pain, and it allows the patient to obtain greater relief from pain medications
Relaxation
Assists the patient in focusing on something other than the pain
Distraction
___ Is specialized relaxation technique using a machine that measures the degree of muscular tension with skin electrodes
Biofeedback
Verbally guiding the patient to imagine something
Guided imagery
Focusing on an image thought, the breath, or awareness
Meditation
Is also called therapeutic suggestion
Hypnosis
Concentrated dose given rapidly
Bolus
Has long been used to induce relaxation and bring relief from muscle and structural pain
Massage
Pain relieving
Analgesic
Analgesia doses controlled by the patient
PCA
Analgesia injected into the epidural space outside the dura mater to relieve pain
Epidural analgesia
The period of sleep during which the brain waves are fast and of low voltage and autonomic activities (heart rate and respiration) are irregular; type of sleep associated with dreaming
Rapid eye movement Sleep (REM)
The state of sleep when the body receives the most rest
No- rapid eye movement sleep (NERM)
Is difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep at night
Insomnia
Is a condition in which the person stops breathing for brief periods during sleep
Sleep apnea
Gas (oxygen) delivered at positive pressure to keep alveoli open that would normally close upon expiration
Continuous positive airway pressure
Recurrent, uncontrollable brief episodes of sleep during hours of wakefulness
Narcolepsy
Short term pain: Appendicitis, Infection, Renal colic, cholecystitis, injury, and surgery
Acute
Long term pain: Back problems, arthritis, and chronic medical condition
Chronic
