chapter 16 & 17 Flashcards by Katherine Aguilar

Private room: Patients with same organism may be cohorted with approval from IP and the patients physicians

Gloves/Gowns: Physical contact with patient, potentially contaminated environment

Hands must be cleaned with an antimicrobial agent: After touching the patient or potentially contaminated articles, after removing gloves, and before taking care of another patient

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), Sabies, Lice

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Private room: Patient must be at least 6 feet from the open door.

Surgical masks: Within 6 feet of patient

Gowns: If soiling is likely

Gloves: For contact with patients secretions

Hands must be washed: After touching each site of the patient or potentially contaminated articles. After each procedure on the patient. Before taking care of another patient

Influenza meningitis, Pertussis, mumps

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-Require washing hands with antimicrobial soap and water. Do not use waterless alcohol- based hand agents. Alcohol does not kill the C.diff spores. Use bleach wipes to clean and disinfect all equipment.

Gastrointestinal symptoms and Clostridium Difficle

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Private room: Negative air pressure
Fit-tested N95 respirator or PAPR (Powered air purifying respirator.
Gown and glove use depend on situation.
Place surgical mask on patient during transport

Measles, Tuberculosis, varicella

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Is the practice of making the environment and objects free of microorganisms

Asepsis

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-Eliminates some organisms after cleaning.
-Uses compounds such as phenol, alcohol, or chlorine
-Recommended disinfectant: 1:10 bleach with H2O

Disinfection

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-Best method for eliminating microorganisms.
-Methods of sterilization
-Stem/most heat- high temp.
for 15-30 mins in autoclave
-Dry heat/hot air
-Chemical gas or liquid
(Ethylene oxide gas- used for
high heat sensitive items)
-Radiation

Sterilization

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What are the three medical asepsis?

1)Sanitization
2)Antisepsis
3)Disinfection

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Who are the patients at greatest risks?

-Surgical incisions with or without drains
-Artificial airways
-Urinary catheters
-Intravenous (IV) lines
-Implanted prosthetic devices
-Repeated injections or venipunctures
-Immune compromise (HIV, chemo pt)
-Long-term steroid use

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What does CLABSI mean?

central line-associated bloodstream infections

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What does VAP stand for?

ventilator-associated pneumonia

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What does CAUTI stand for?

catheter-associated urinary tract infections

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*Hand hygiene before and after insertion
*Clean perineal area prior insertion
*Drainage bag below the level of the blader at ALL times (even when transferring or transporting a patient)
*Maintain unobstructed urine flow: no kinks, twists, or loops in the tubing
*Empty it out is ¾ of the way

CAUTI: Catheter- associated urinary tract infections

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*HOB 30 – 45 degree, unless contraindicated
*Daily “sedation vacation”
*Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) prophylaxis
*Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis
*Daily oral care using chlorhexidine, an antimicrobial oral rinse
*Daily trach care

VAP: Ventilator associated pneumonia

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*Infectious microorganism such as viruses or bacteria that are carried in human blood and body fluids that can cause disease in people.
*Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Blood-borne pathogen

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What are the 4 rules of surgical asepsis?

-Know what is sterile
-Know what is not sterile
-Separate sterile from unsterile
-Remedy contamination immediate

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*Use in invasive procedures to prevent infection
*Goal: to keep an area free of microorganism
*Work area must be clean, dry, and uncluttered

Sterile techniques

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-Above your waist
-Always in line of vision
-Held 6 inches in front of body – not touching clothing or anything else

Sterile items

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*Never reach or work across sterile field
*Never turn back on sterile filed/items
*1 inch border around sterile filed considered contaminated
*Sterile items touch sterile items = sterile
*Sterile items touch non-sterile items = non-sterile

Sterile field rules

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organism only visible with microscope

Microorganism

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any disease-producing organism

Pathogen

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Single-celled microorganisms lacking nucleus, which can reproduce as quickly as every few minutes, depending on conditions

Bacteria

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Chemical substance that can kill or alter the growth of bacterial microorganism

Antibiotic

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Killing or suppressing growth of microorganisms

Antimicrobial

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Are protein particles that lack nucleic acids and are not inactivated by usual for destroying bacteria or viruses.

Prions

Are one- celled microscopic organisms belonging to the animal kingdom and can be parasitic in nature.

Protozoa

Are extremely small and can be seen only with an electron microscope

Viruses

Are small round or rod-shaped microorganisms that are transmitted by the bites of lice, ticks, fleas, and mites that as vectors

Rickettsia

Are tiny, primitive organisms of the kingdom fungi that contain no chlorophyll

Fungi

Are parasitic worms, or flukes belonging to the animal kingdom

Helminths

What are the six chains of infection?

1) Causative agent 2) Reservoir 3) Portal of exit 4) Mode of transfer 5)Portal of entry 6)Susceptible host

____ is any microorganism or biologic Agent capable of causing disease

Causative agent

the process of rendering an article free of microorganisms and their pathogenic products

Sterilization

Are places where microorganisms are found.

Reservoir

Made unclean

Contaminated

Free from all microorganisms

Sterile

Is the route by which a pathogen leaves the body of its host

Portal of exit

1) Direct personal contact with body excretions or drainage such as from an infected wound. 2) indirect contact with contaminated inanimate objects. 3) vectors such as fleas, ticks, mosquitos, and other insects harbor infectious. 4) Droplet infection, or contamination by the aersol route through sneezing and coughing.

Mode of transfer

Can enter the body through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, trachea, or skin.

Portal of entry

Age, state of health, or broken skin

Susceptible host

more than one illness or disease at the same time

Comorbidities

Dead tissue or foreign matter

Debris

biologics response modifier that affects cellular growth

Interferon

The body's reaction to substances interpreted as Non self

Immune response

Is the practice of reducing the number of organisms present or reducing the risk for transmission of organisms

Medical asepsis

Is the practice of preparing and handling materials in a way that prevents the patient's exposure to living microorganisms.

Surgical asepsis

Precautions that protect both the nurse and the patient from infection and are to bed used for every patient contact

Standard precautions

Items such as gloves, gowns, masks, protective Eyeware, and hair covering used to protect health care team member from infectious organisms

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Are solutions containing chemical compounds such as phenol, alcohol, or chlorine that kill or inactive nearly all microorganisms

Disinfectants

Is a chemical compound that is used on skin or tissue to inhibit the growth of or to eliminate microorganisms

Antiseptic

What are the stages of infection?

1)Incubation period 2) Prodromal period 3) Illness period 4) Convalescent period

Begins when the organisms first enter the body and lasts until the onset of symptoms

Incubation period

Is the short time from the onset vague, nonspecific symptoms to the beginning of specific symptoms of infection

Prodromal period

Localized and systemic signs and symptoms appear

Illness period

Discomfort, uneasiness, or indisposition often indicative of infection

Malaise

Increased white blood cells

Leukocytosis

Begins when the symptoms begin to subside, and it extends until the patient has returned to a normal state of health

Convalescent period

Infection that occurs within a health care facility or because of a treatment or procedure

Health care- associated infections (HAIs)

The use of medical and surgical asepsis and standard precaution to prevent or control the spread of microorganisms

Infection prevention and control

The causative agent for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

The separation of infected individuals from those uninfected for the period of communicability of a particular disease; quarantine

Isolation

Precautions that are based on interrupting the mode of transmission by identifying the specific secretions, body fluids, tissues, or excretions that might be infective

Transmission- based precautions

Moisture and particle proof

Impervious