Chapter 3 - The Human Movement System Flashcards
Nervous System
A network of billions of cells that provide a communication network within the human body
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Part of the nervous system which is made up of the brain and spinal cord
- its main function is coordination of activity of all parts of the body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
-An extension of the Central Nervous system; is made up of nerve fibers that branch off from spinal cord & extend into the body.
Neurons
- Functional unit of the nervous system
- Approx. 100 billion specialized nerve cells
- made up of cell body, axon, and dendrites
Mechanoreceptors
- sensory receptors that sense change in the position of body tissues
- can be stimulated by touch, pressure, stretch & motion
- allow brain to gauge body position
Proprioception
Sensory input from the CNS which allows one to be aware of and perceive body motions
-example: touching a finger to the nose
Muscle Spindles
mechanoreceptors that measure or sense the change in muscle length and rate of stretch
-“stretch-o-meters”
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
- receptors that sense the change in muscle tension, and the rate of that change.
- located where muscle and tendon converge
- if muscle tension is too great, GTO causes muscle to relax (as a safety response)
- “tension-o-meters”
Myofibrils
inside of muscle fibers; are small tubes; Contain long chains of sarcomeres inside of them.
Sarcomeres
small contracting units that have long proteins (filaments) that slide past one another to create muscle contractions.
-found inside myofibrils.
Type I Muscle Fiber
- slow twitch fibers
- slower to reach maximum contraction
- use greater amounts of oxygen (often called aerobic)
- more resistant to fatigue
- smaller in size/don’t respond as well to growth
- produce less force
- more capillaries, mitochondria & myoglobin
- distance running, nordic skiing, dance formats
Type II Muscle Fiber
- Fast twitch fibers
- less capillaries, mitochondria, & myoglobin
- less oxygen delivery (anarobic)
- more prone to muscle growth
- more speed & strength than Type I muscle
- quick to fatigue
- produce more force
- HIIT, sprinting, plyometric jumping
Agonist
muscle which is a primer mover of a joint action
Synergist
muscle(s) that assist the prime mover (agonist) muscle in a joint action
Antagonist
a muscle that opposes the prime mover
-table 3.2, page 37 in text book
Skeletal System
Bones and Joints in the body
- five major roles:
- movement
- support (framework)
- protection (encases organs)
- blood production
- mineral storage
Ligaments
strong connective tissue that connect bone to bone
Axial Skeleton
skull, ribcage, spinal column
Five major categories of the spinal column
From top to bottom
- Cervical (C1 - C7)
- Thoracic (T1 - T12)
- Lumbar (L1 -L5)
- Sacrum (S1 -S5 fused)
- Coccyx (the small tail)
Appendicular Skeleton
the part of the skeleton that includes bones that support the upper and lower extremities
- see table 3.3, pg 39
types of joints
- non-synovial (no cavity, connective tissue, little to no movement (skull sutures, distal joint of tibia & fibula)
- synovial: held together by fluid filled capsule, connective tissue (knee)
- types of synovial:
- gliding side to side; back & forth movement (hand carpals)
- condyloid parts of one fit into cavities of another, single plane movement (knee)
- Hinge; single plane of motion, sagittal (elbow)
- Saddle: one bone fits like a saddle on another bone; 2 planes of motion carpometacarpal
- Pivot: one axis; mostly one plan of motion (transverse), radioulnar
- Ball & Socket: most mobile, moves in all 3 planes of motion (shoulder)
- types of synovial:
- Joint motions: roll, slide, spin
- see pages 40-41
Force-Couple Relationship
Muscles working together to produce movement around a joint
Reciprocal Inhibition
muscles on one side of a joint relax to allow muscles on the opposing side to contract
- triceps relax while biceps contract
Altered Reciprocal Inhibition
a muscle becomes overactive & decreases neural drive to it’s functional antagonist
length-tension relationships
- strong relationship between the length of a muscle and the tension it can produce:
- muscles that are too short or long cannot produce as much force
- muscles at ideal length produce the most force
Posture
alignment of all parts of the kinetic chain; counters external forces and maintains structural efficiency.
Neutral Spine
natural position of spine when cervical, thoracic, and lumbar curves are in good alignment.
Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine
Scoliosis - abnormal lateral twisting or rotating of the spine
Kyphosis - abnormal rounding of the thoracic spine (humpback)
Lordosis - excessive lumbar curvature of the spine (sway back); anterior pelvic tilt
Overactive Muscles of the foot and ankle
- Soleus
- Lateral gastrocnemius
- peroneus longus and brevis (peroneals)
see pg. 45
Underactive Muscles of the Foot and Ankle
- Medial gastrocnemius
- Anterior tibialis
- posterior tibialis
Overactive muscles of the Lumbo-Pelvic Hip Complex
- Hip Flexors
- Adductors
- Abdominals
Underactive Muscles of the LPHC
- Gluteus Maximus
- Gluteus Medius
- Hamstrings
- Intrinsic core stabelizers
Overactive Muscles of the Shoulder
- Latissimus dorsi
- Pectoralis Major
Underactive Muscles of the Shoulder
- Middle & Lower Trapezius
- Rhomboids
- Rotator Cuff
Overactive Muscles of the Cervical Spine
- Upper trapezius
- Sternocleidomsastoid
- Levator scapulae
Underactive Muscles of the Cervical Spine
-Deep Cervical Flexors
Cardiovascular System
body system made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
Respiratory System
- body’s system made up of the lungs and respiratory passages that collect oxygen and transport it to the bloodstream.
- takes oxygen in, moves carbon dioxide out
Cardiorespiratory System
A combination of the the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Veins
vessels that transport blood from extremities back to the heart
Atria
- top (superior) chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins
- they pump blood down into same side ventricles
Ventricles
- Lower (inferior) chambers of the heart
- they receive blood from the corresponding atrium above them
- force blood from heart and into arteries
Arteries
vessels that transport blood away from the heart
Atrioventricular valves
- valves that allow from proper blood flow from the artia to the ventricles
- four atrioventrical valves separate the chambers of the heart, along with semilunar valves
Semilunar valves
- valves that allow for proper blood flow from the heart to lungs and the body.
- along with atrioventricular valves, help separate the chambers of the heart.
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
the pacemaker of the heart (initiates electrical impulses that determine heartrate)
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
Muscles fibers that receive impulses from the sinoartial node and sends them to the walls of the ventricals.
- creates a 2 pulse heartbeat effect
Stroke Volume (SV)
the amout of blood pumped out with each contraction of the heart
Heart Rate
Rate at which heart pumps, generally measured in beats per minute (bpm)
Cardiac Output (Q)
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate = cardiac output
SV x HR = Q
Average Adult Heart Rate
70-80 bpm
-to find it: take pulse on wrist for 6 seconds, multiply by 6
Functions of Blood
- Transportation: oxygen, nutrients, & hormones to tissues, waste products taken away from tissues, carries heat through body
- regulation (body temps & acid base balance)
- Protection: clots to prevent excessive bleeding, contains immune cells to fight illness/disease
Respiratory Pump
Parts of the body that enable breathing to occur:
- bones (encase & protect)
- muscles, inspiration (breathing in): diaphram, external intercostals, scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid, Pectoralis minor
- muscles, expiration (breathing out): internal intercostals, Abs
Calorie
A unit of scientific energy. In food, it’s often referred to as kilocalorie (kcal)
Metabolism
The chemical reactions occurring in the body that are required for life
- can also say it’s biochemical reactions happening in cells to obtain usable energy from food
Adenosine Triphophospate (ATP)
an energy storage and transfer unit in cells of the body. Usable energy from food is stored as ATP
Mitochondria
An organelle found in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that contain genetic material and enzymes needed for cell metabolism. Cell metabolism converts food to energy
Metabolic Pathways
a series of chemical reactions that either break down or build up compounds in the body
Aerobic Metabolism
Chemical reactions in the body that require oxygen to get energy from carbs, fats, and amino acids
Anerobic Metabolism
Chemical Reactions in the body that don’t need oxygen to get energy from carbs
Three ways to pathways to produce ATP (which gets energy from food)
- ATP - Phosphocreatine - Anerobic: 1st 10-15 mins of activity, used higher power or strength activities
- Glycolysis: occurs during first 2-3 mins of activity, glucose w/o presence of oxygen
- Oxidative system (aerobic glycolysis); used in any activity over 3 mins
