Chapter 3: the chemistry of behavior Flashcards
define:
Ligand
substance that binds to a receptor
define:
Agonist
increases or mimics transmitter action
define
antagonist
decreases or interferes with transmitter action
list:
characterisitcs of ionotropic
2 points
- ligand- activated ion channels
- fast
list:
characteristics of metabotropic receptor
6 points
- signal proteins and G proteins
- slower
- longer-lasting
- more diffuse
- more varied
- two mechanisms
list:
criteria for neurotransmitter classification
5 points
- it is synthesized and stored in axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron
- it is released when action potentials reach axon terminals
- recognized by receptors on the post synaptic membrane
- it causes changes in a post synaptic membrane
- it causes changes in a postsynaptic cell
- blocking its release interferes with a presynaptic cell’s ability to affect a postsynaptic cell
list:
main neurotransmitter classes
- amino acid neurotransmitters
- monoamine neurotransmitters
- acetylcholine
list:
examples of amino acid neurotransmitters
- glutamate
- GABA
list:
types of monoamine neurotransmitters
2 points
- Catecholamines
- indolamine
list:
Examples of catecholamines
3 points
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine
- dopamine
list
example of indolamine
serotonin
list:
examples of neuropeptides
4 points
- oxytocin
- vasopressin
- opiod peptides
list:
examples of gases nitrous oxide
- nitric oxide
- carbon monoxide
list:
excitatory amino acids
2 points
- glutamate
- aspartate
list:
inhibatory amino acids
- GABA
- glycine
answer:
what is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
list:
ionotropic glutamate receptors
- NMDA
- AMPA
- KAR
Answer:
what is the metabotropic glutamate receptor
mGLuR
list:
characteristics of PCP (NMDA)
- Antagonist
- hallucinations
Answer:
what is termination of signal
reabsorption (reuptake) into surrounding glial cells
answer:
What is the most prevelant inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
gamma-amniobutyic acid
Answer:
where is GABA found
spinal motor neurons and CNS
Answer:
what does the ionotropic receptor open?
What happens?
- open Cl- channel
- cl- comes in
List:
Example of ionotropic receptors (GABA a)
3 points
- benzodiazapines
- alcohol
- GHB
Answer:
what does the metabotropic receptor open?
What happens?
- opens the K+ channel
- K+ goes out
List:
synthesis of Glutamate and GABA
- glutamine
- glutamate
- GABA
define
termination of signal
reabsorbtion into surrounding glial cells
Answer:
what are catecholamines synthesized from
tyrosine
Answer:
what is indolamine synthesized from
tryptophan
list
synthesis of catecholamine
- tyrosine
- DOPA
- dopamine
- norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
Answer:
why is the mesostriatal pathway important?
motor control
Answer:
where does the mesotriatal pathway originate from
substantia nigra
Answer:
where does the mesolimbocortical pathways originate?
Ventral tegmental area
Answer:
why is the ventral tegmental area important
important for learning shaped by posititve reinforcement
List:
metabotropic receptors (dopamine) families
- D1- like: includes D1, D5
- D2-like: includes D2 D3 D4
answer:
what is the reuptake of dopamine
dopamine transporter (DAT)
Answer:
Enzymatic degradation of dopamine
COMT MAO
Answer:
what is dopamine involved in
- reinforcement
- learning
- movement
- attention
List:
agonists (dopamine)
- cocaine
- methylphenidate (ritalin)
Answer:
what is norepinephrine important for
control of many behaviors ranging from alertness to mood to sexual behavior
Answer:
where are noradrenergic neurons are found where?
2 places
- locus coeruleus
- lateral tagmental area
Answer:
where is norepinephrine found
- CNS
- sympathetic PNS
Answer:
what is norepinephrine used for?
effect in arousal and reward systems
Answer:
what is affected in mood disprders and depression
depression
Answer:
reuptake of norepinephrine
Norepinephrine transporter (NET)
answer:
enzymatic degradation for norepinephrine
COMT and MAO
list:
charcteristics of Epinephrine
4 points
- adrenal medulla
- minor role as neurotransmitter
- important hormone
- also acts at adrenergic receptors
Answer:
why is serotonin important
- mood
- vision
- anxiety
- sexual behavior
- sleep
Answer:
where are serotonergic neurons located
- midline of midbrain
- brainstem
- raphe nuclei
List:
agonists (serotonin)
- LSD
- fluoxetine (Prozac)
Answer:
What does acetylcholine do?
major role in transmission in the forebrain
learning and memory
Answer:
where is acetylcholine located
basal forebrain
list:
two types of receptors (acetylcholine)
- nicotinic - ionotropic
- muscarinic- metabotropic
Answer:
Agonist in central nervous system (acetylcholine)
nicotine
Answer:
example of agonist in PNS (Acetylcholine)
black widow venom
List:
two receptors in endocannabinoids
CB1 (CNS)
CB2 (immune system)
Answer:
example of agonist (endocannabinoids)
THC
Answer:
example of antagonist in receptor in the CNS
caffeine
List:
how neuropeptides differ from neurotransmitters
4 points
- no reuptake for peptides
- sight of synthesis
- vesicles storage
- exocytosis
List:
three major subtypes of endogenous opiods
- endorphins- act at Mu receptor
- Enkephalins - acts at delta receptor
- Dynorphin - acts at kappa receptor
define
substance P
involved in pain perception
define:
neuropeptide Y
involved in eating
list:
how souluable gases differ from other transmitters
3 points
- it is produed outside axon terminals (mainy in dendrites) and diffuses out of the neuron as soon as it is produced
- no receptors are involved: diffuses into target cell and activates second messengers
- it can function as a retrograde transmitter by diffusing from the post synaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron
list:
classes of drugs
4 points
- antipsychotics
- antidepressants
- anxiolytics
- analgesics
define:
antipsychotics
schizophrenis
define
antidepressants
affetive disorders (MDD)
define:
Anxiolytics
anxiety disorders
define
Analgesics
for physical pain
list
antidepressants
- tricyclic antidepressants
- SSRI
- SNRI
list
anxiolytics
- depressants
- barbituates
- benzodiazepines
list:
psychomotor stimulants
6 points
- caffeine
- nicotine
- methamphetamine
- cocaine
- methylphenidate
- D-Amphetamine
Answer:
What does it mean that alcohol is biphasic
its an initial stimulant phase follwed by a depresant phase
list
examples of hallucinogens
- LSD (acid
- mescaline
- psilocybin
answer
example of hallucinogen and amphetamine
MDMA
list
major models of drug abuse
- moral model
- disease model
- physical dependence model
- positive reward model
define:
moral model
abuser lacks moral character or self-control
define
physical dependence model
abusers use drugs to avoid withrawal symptoms like dysphoria
define
disease model
abuser requires medical treatment
define
positive reward model
drug use is a behavior controlled by positive rewards
