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Biopsychology > chapter 10: Sleep > Flashcards

chapter 10: Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

define:

Biological rhythms

A

regular fluctuations in any living process.

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2
Q

Define:

Circadian Rhythms

A

a pattern of behavioral, biological, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24 hour period

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3
Q

list:

Examples of circadian rhythms

A
  • hormone levels
  • body temperature
  • drug sensitivity
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4
Q

Define:

Ultradian rhythms

A

a rhytmic biological event with a period shorter than 24 hours

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5
Q

list:

examples of ultradian rhythms

A
  • blinking
  • eating
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6
Q

define:

Infradian rhythms

A

rhythmic biological events with periods longer than a day.

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7
Q

list:

examples of Infradian rhythms

A
  • menstural cycle
  • animal breeding
  • hibernation
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8
Q

Answer:

How did researchers find that hamsters (and humans) run on a circadian rhythm?

A

Hamsters lived in dim light and continued the normal activity cycle just later each day showing a little bit longer than 24 hours when there is external cues.

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9
Q

Define:

Phase shift

A

shift in actiivty of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus, such as light.

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10
Q

define:

entrainment

A

process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus

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11
Q

Define:

Zeitgeber

A

the stimulus that entrains circadian rhythms

typically the light-dark cycle

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12
Q

Answer:

What part of the brain (hypothalamus) is responsible for circadian rhythms

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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13
Q

List:

ways researchers found out that the SCN is responsible for the biological clock

A
  • when the SCN cells are put in a pitri dish they continue their circadian rhythm
  • when the SCN was transplanted the animal changed its circadian rhythm to that of the SCN
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14
Q

Define

melanopsin

A

photopigment found in those retinal ganglion cells

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15
Q

Answer:

What proteins does the SCN make

A

clock and cycle

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16
Q

Answer:

What do clock/cycle do?

A

they bind to DNA to promote the transcription of Period (per) and chryptochrome (Cry)

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17
Q

Answer:

What do per and cry do?

A

they inhibit the action of Clock and cycle

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18
Q

Answer:

how long is the clock/cycle and per/cry cycle?

A

24 hours

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19
Q

Answer:

What part of a humans lifetime leads to a shift in the circadian rhythm of sleep

getting up later

A

puberty

20
Q

define:

Alpha Rhythm

A

brain potential 8-12 Hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness

21
Q

define:

vertex spikes

A

a sharp wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep

22
Q

define:

stage 1 sleep

A

inital stage of non-REM sleep, which is characterized by small amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate and reduced muscle tension

23
Q

define:

stage 2 sleep

A

defines by bursts of EEG waves called sleep spindles

24
Q

define:

sleep spindles

A

12-14 Hz wave in the EEG of a person in stage 2 sleep

25
Q

define:

K complexes

A

a sharp negative EEG potential seen in stage 2 sleep

26
Q

define:

stage 3 sleep

A

aka slow wave sleep (SWS) stage of non-REM sleep that is defined by the prescence of large- amplitude, slow delta waves

27
Q

define:

Delta wave

A

slowest type of EEG wave, about 1 per second, characteristic of stage 3 sleep

28
Q

describe:

REM sleep in terms of the EEG

A

small amplitde, high frequency activity (similar to awake)

29
Q

describe:

what happens to the body in REM

A
  • eyes move rapidly
  • muscles show a complete lack of muscle tone (atonia)
30
Q

Answer:

what stage of sleep is more prominent in the beginning of sleep?

A

stage 3/ SWS

31
Q

Answer:

Which stage of sleep becomes more prominent later in the (night) sleep

A

REM

32
Q

Answer:

What is the differnce between dreaming in REM and dreaming in Stage 1-3

A

REM is characterized by visual imagery where as the stages are characterized more by thinking dreams

33
Q

define:

Nightmares

A

long frigntening dream that awakens sleeper from REM sleep

34
Q

define:

Night terror

A

sudded arousal from stage 3 SWS marked by intense fear and autonomic activation

35
Q

Answer:

about how much sleep in the first 2 weeks of a human life is spent in REM?

A

half

36
Q

Answer:

What does the amount of REM sleep infants are in show?

A

REM may provide the essential stimulation for the nervous system to mature

37
Q

True or False:

60yro spend double the time in stage 3 sleep as a 20 year old

A

false they spend half the time

38
Q

List:

outcomes of loss of stage 3/SWS

A
  • diminshed cognitive functioning
  • loss of growth hormone leads to cognitive deficits
39
Q

Answer:

At what age do people lose Stage 3 sleep (SWS)

A

90 years old

40
Q

define:

Sleep recovery

A

process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation

41
Q

Answer:

In the first night of sleep recovery what stage of sleep shows the most difference

A

increase in SWS

usually at the expense of stage 2

42
Q

describe

fatal familial insomnia

A

a defect in gene for the prion protein, that leads to them stop sleeping during midlife

43
Q

List:

Biological functions of sleep

4 points

A
  • energy conservation
  • Niche adaption
  • Body and brain restoration
  • memory consolidation
44
Q

describe

conservation of energy in reference to sleep

A

use less energy when we sleep
* reduced muscular tension
* lowered heart rate
* reduced body temperature
* slower respiration

45
Q

describe

niche adaptation in reference to sleep

A

species are better at getting food at either day or night

46
Q
A

Biopsychology (10 decks)

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