chapter 12: psychopathology Flashcards
define:
delusions
a false belief that is strongly held in spite of contrary evidence
define:
Schizophrenia
characteried by negative, positive and cognitive symptoms
define:
positive symptoms (SCZ)
abnormal behvaior that has been gained
list:
examples of positive symptoms (SCZ)
3 points
- hallucinations
- delusions
- excited motor behavior
define:
Negative symptoms (SCZ)
abnomralites resulting from a loss of normal functions
list
example of negative symptoms (SCZ)
3 points
- slow impoverished speech/thought
- social/emotinal withdrawal
- blunted affect
define:
concordance
sharing of a characteristic by both individuals of a pair of twins
Answer:
What part of the brain thins in people with SCZ
cortical grey matter, a result of synapse rearrangement/
Fill in the blank:
most people with SCZ have enlarged ____ ventricles, especially the ____ ventricles
cerebral, lateral
Define:
hypofrontality hypothesis
SCZ may refect underactivation of the frontal lobe
define
lobotomy
sergical seperation of a portion of the frontal lobe
Answser:
What drug was discovered int ehe arly 1950’s that replaced the lobotomy?
Chlorpromaine (Thorazine)
Answer:
What is the importance of Chlorpromazine?
it revolutionized psychiatry. it reduced the positive symptoms of SCZ allowing people to finally leave the confinment of hospitals
define:
dyskinesia
difficulty or disotortion in voluntary movement due to use of antipsychotics
define:
tardive dyskinesia
disorder associated with first-generation antipsychotic use and characterized by involuntary movements, especially of the face and mouth
define:
supersensitivity psychosis
An exaggerated “rebound” psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced, probably as a consequence of the up-regulation of receptors that occurred during drug treatment.
define
dopamine hypothesis
The idea that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine.
list:
problems with the dopamine hypothesis
- no correspondance between the speed the drug blocks dopamine receptors and the speed the symptoms atert to diminish
- other drugs (Clozapine) blocks serotonin recpetors are just as effective
define:
glutamate hypothesis
The idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptors.
answer:
Which of the following is a severe disorder that is characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and flat affect, by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and by cognitive symptoms such as poor attention span?
schizophrenia
True or False
Children fathered by older men have a lower risk of developing schizophrenia than do children fathered by younger men.
false
True or False
People living in a large city are twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as people living in the countryside
True
True or False
The volume of the cerebral ventricles, relative to overall brain size, is smaller in people with schizophrenia than in controls.
False
define
depression
A psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy, and appetite; and difficulty concentrating.A psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive, expansive moods.
Answer:
in depressed people activation in the — is especially evident during emotional processing
amygdala
Fill in the blank
in people with depression increased activity in the — is evident during more cognatively demanding tasks
frontal lobes
Fill int he blank
patientet with depression have decreased activity in the — and — — cortex and ___ ___ ___
parietal and posterior temporal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex
systems implicated in attention
Answer:
what structure of the brain’s volume of what is reduced in people with depression
hippocampus
define:
Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
A last-resort treatment for unmanageable depression, in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure
define:
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
A noninvasive treatment in which repeated pulses of focused magnetic energy are used to stimulate the cortex through the scalp.
define
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
An enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters, thereby inactivating them.
define:
selective serotonin reuptkae inhibitors (SSRIs)
A drug, used to treat depression and anxiety, that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses.
define:
Cognitive behvaioral therapy (CBT)
Psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings.
define
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain.
define
bipolar disorder
A psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive, expansive moods.
True or False
In the context of bipolar disorder, the more manic episodes a person has experienced, the greater the ventricular enlargement.
True
True or False
Families in which some individuals have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder are more likely than other families to have individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
true
List
characteristics are common during the manic episodes of bipolar disorder?
4 points
- increased energy
- strange gradiosity
- talkativeness
- sustained overactivity
True or False
The concordance rate of depression for identical twins who are raised together is substantially higher than the rate for identical twins who are reared apart.
False
True or False
Descendants of people with severe depression have a thinner cortex across large swaths of the right hemisphere than do control participants.
True
True or False
The rate of relapse is lower for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) than for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment.
True
True or False
Bipolar disorder is more common among women than men.
False
True or False
The age of onset of bipolar disorder is usually much later than that of depression.
False
Define:
Phobic disorders
intense, irrational fear centered on a specific object
define:
Panic disorder
reccurent tansient attacts of intense fearfulness
define:
generalized anxiety disorder
persistent, excessive anxiety and worry experienced for months
fill in the blank
some peope who experience reccurent panic attacks have — — abnormalities
temporal lobe
define
Benzodiazepines
Any of a class of antianxiety drugs that are noncompetitive agonists of GABAA receptors in the central nervous system. One example is diazepam (Valium).
define:
anxiolytics
A substance that is used to reduce anxiety. Examples include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, and the benzodiazepines.
define
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the person
Answer:
what brain structure is affected in PTSD
the volume of the right hippocampus is smaller
define
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
An anxiety disorder in which the affected individual experiences recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without reason or the ability to stop.
Answer
what brain structures are involved in OCD
increased metabolic rates in orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and caudate nuclei
Answer
what is a disorder involving heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli that may be accompanied by verbal or physical tics?
tourettes syndrome
True of False
Tourette’s syndrome is 3—4 times more common in females than in males.
false
other way around
list
examples of benzodiazepines
2 points
- valium
- xanax
Answer:
A researcher is conducting a sleep study to examine whether depression changes the sleep patterns of people. If the researcher monitors the EEG of a depressed person and then compares it with the EEG of a person who is not depressed, which of the following differences is the researcher most likely to observe? (Select all that apply.)
AThe EEG of the depressed person will show patterns typical of REM sleep much sooner after sleep onset than is typically the case.
B The sleep of the depressed person will be marked by an increase in stage 1 sleep and stage 2 sleep.
C The sleep of the depressed person will be marked by an increase in stage 3 sleep.
D The EEG of the depressed person will be marked by a striking reduction in slow wave sleep.
AThe EEG of the depressed person will show patterns typical of REM sleep much sooner after sleep onset than is typically the case.
B The sleep of the depressed person will be marked by an increase in stage 1 sleep and stage 2 sleep.
D The EEG of the depressed person will be marked by a striking reduction in slow wave sleep.
Answer
A psychiatrist who treats depressed people is likely to look out for which of the following signs to recognize people at risk for suicide?
A Feeling rage or uncontrolled anger or seeking revenge
B Seeing no reason for living or having no sense of purpose in life
C Experiencing dramatic mood changes
DWithdrawing from friends, family, and society
Answer
Jules has persistent mood swings that alternate between periods of depression and periods of mania that are marked by overactivity, talkativeness, and increased energy. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make?
A Tourette’s syndrome
B Tardive dyskinesia
C Bipolar disorder
D Panic disorder
C Bipolar disorder
Answer:
Which of the following observations prompted researchers to propose a glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.
A Ketamine prevents the endogenous ligand from having its usual effects.
B Ketamine acts as an agonist of NMDA receptors and increases the activity of glutamate in the brain.
C Treating monkeys with phencyclidine for 2 weeks produces a schizophrenia-like syndrome, including poor performance on a test that is sensitive to prefrontal damage.
D Phencyclidine, an anesthetic agent, blocks the NMDA receptor’s central calcium channel, thereby preventing glutamate from having its usual effects.
A Ketamine prevents the endogenous ligand from having its usual effects.
C Treating monkeys with phencyclidine for 2 weeks produces a schizophrenia-like syndrome, including poor performance on a test that is sensitive to prefrontal damage.
D Phencyclidine, an anesthetic agent, blocks the NMDA receptor’s central calcium channel, thereby preventing glutamate from having its usual effects.
Answer
Which of the following are true statements that support the fact that schizophrenia has a heritable component? (Select all that apply.)
AA few genes have been identified that appear to be abnormal in a small proportion of schizophrenia cases, including genes that are known to participate in synaptic plasticity.
B First cousins of people with schizophrenia have a higher risk of becoming schizophrenic than do grandchildren.
C The concordance rate of schizophrenia for fraternal twins is substantially higher than that for identical twins.
D The biological parents of adoptees with schizophrenia are far more likely to have had this disorder than are the adopting parents.
AA few genes have been identified that appear to be abnormal in a small proportion of schizophrenia cases, including genes that are known to participate in synaptic plasticity.
D The biological parents of adoptees with schizophrenia are far more likely to have had this disorder than are the adopting parents.
Answer
Sam is consumed by thoughts of germs and toxins and, as a result, spends several hours each day on uncontrollable actions such as repetitive hand washing and disinfecting the surroundings. Sam realizes that this behavior is abnormal but is unable to control the persistent thoughts about germs and to stop the repetitive actions. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make?
OCD
Answer:
A person has recently started experiencing memory problems, difficulty in making facial expressions, and trouble with emotional expression. The person has also started hearing imaginary voices and having delusions. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make?
Schizophrenia
Answer:
Which of the following is a true statement that provides support for the hypofrontality hypothesis of schizophrenia?
A Brain scans found that, compared with nonschizophrenic people, people with schizophrenia lose gray matter over wide regions at a slower rate.
B PET scans found that, compared with nonschizophrenic controls, people with schizophrenia had reduced metabolic activity in the frontal lobes relative to other regions of the brain.
C Researchers found that, compared with nonschizophrenic controls, people with schizophrenia tend to perform better on neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to frontal cortical lesions.
D Brain scans found that, compared with nonschizophrenic people, people with schizophrenia have shrunken lateral ventricles.
B PET scans found that, compared with nonschizophrenic controls, people with schizophrenia had reduced metabolic activity in the frontal lobes relative to other regions of the brain.
Answer:
If the effect of lithium on people with bipolar disorder is positive, why do some people stop taking the medication
A Because the manic phases that are blocked by lithium are very exhilarating, and people may want to continue experiencing them
B Because lithium must be taken with urea to produce a calming effect on people, and urea has many negative effects
CBecause lithium has been reported to decrease the volume of gray matter in the brain
DBecause even though lithium relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder, it increases delusions in people with bipolar disorder
A Because the manic phases that are blocked by lithium are very exhilarating, and people may want to continue experiencing them
Answer:
A person with schizophrenia who has been taking an antipsychotic drug for over a year starts developing maladaptive motor symptoms. The person starts making involuntary facial movements such as grimacing and incessant rolling movements of the tongue. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make?
Tardive Dyskinesia
Answer:
A doctor prescribes antipsychotic drugs to a person with schizophrenia. If a family member of the person asks the doctor about the long-term effects of the drugs, which of the following responses is the doctor most likely to give? (Select all that apply.)
A A lowering of the dosage of some drugs can lead to supersensitivity psychosis.
B Discontinuation of some drugs can result in a sudden, marked increase in positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions or hallucinations.
C Some antipsychotic drugs can lead to the development of permanent maladaptive motor behaviors such as involuntary facial movements.
D Some antipsychotic drugs can lead to the development of maladaptive motor symptoms called dyskinesia.
all of the above
Answer:
Which of the following differences is a doctor likely to observe between the PET scan or fMRI of the brain of a depressed person and the PET scan or fMRI of a person who is not depressed? (Select all that apply.)
AThe doctor is likely to observe increased activity in the frontal lobes of the depressed person during cognitively demanding tasks.
BThe doctor is likely to observe decreased activity in the parietal and posterior temporal cortex of the depressed person.
C The doctor is likely to observe increased activation in the amygdala of the depressed person during emotional processing.
D The doctor is likely to observe decreased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex of the depressed person.
All of the above
Answer:
How do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Prozac help treat both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression?
A Functional brain imaging suggests that the same SSRI drugs modify the activity of the orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex in people with OCD while affecting primarily ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in people with depression.
B Functional brain imaging suggests that the same SSRI drugs alter the activity of the primarily ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in people with OCD while affecting primarily cingulate cortex in people with depression.
CSSRI drugs decrease the synaptic availability of serotonin, thereby improving serotonergic neurotransmission in people with OCD and depression.
D SSRI drugs help increase the metabolic rates in the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and caudate nuclei of people with OCD and depression.
A Functional brain imaging suggests that the same SSRI drugs modify the activity of the orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex in people with OCD while affecting primarily ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in people with depression.
Answer:
Cade (1949) performed an experiment to examine whether injecting urea into guinea pigs will make them manic. Which of the following was the result of the experiment?
A The control injections of lithium alone produced an excitatory effect on the control group of guinea pigs.
B The control injections of urea alone were effective for calming the control group of guinea pigs.
C The lithium urate solution injected into guinea pigs made them manic.
D The lithium urate solution injected into guinea pigs calmed them instead of making them manic.
D The lithium urate solution injected into guinea pigs calmed them instead of making them manic.
