Chapter 11: emotions, aggression and stress Flashcards
Define:
emotion
a subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive cognition, behaviors, and physiological changes
describe
Folk Psychology
(feeling triggers autonamic reaction)
4 points
- Stimulus
- perception/interpretation
- particular emotion experienced
- specific pattern of autonomic arousal
Describe:
James-Lange theory
(autonomic reaction triggers feelings)
- stimulus
- perception
- specific pattern of autonomic arousal
- particular emotion experienced
describe
Cannon-bard theory
(simultaneous feeling and autonomic reaction)
3 points
- stimulus
- preception/interpretation
- general autonomic arousal and particualr emotion experienced
describe:
Schachter and SInger theory
(congitive attribution of emotion to arousal)
5 points
- stimulus
- preception/ interpretation
- specific pattern of autonomic arousal
- cognitive apprasial of current context
- attribution of emotion responsible for arousal
list:
plutchiks core emotions
8 points
- joy
- saddness
- affection
- disgust
- anger
- fear
- expetation
- suprise
define:
superficial facial muscles
mostly only attach between different points of facial skin
(change shape of eyes and mouth)
define:
deep facial muscles
attach to bone and produce larger-scale movements
(chewing)
describe
facial feeback hypothesis
sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood
define:
brain self-stimulation
the process in which animals will worjt to provide eletrical stimulation to particular brain sites, presumably because the experience is very rewarding.
define:
medial forebrain bundle
a collection of axons travelng in the midline region of th e forebrain.
define:
nucleus accumbens
a region of the forebrain that recieves dopaminergi innevation from the ventral tegmental area, often associated with reward and pleassurable sensations
define:
limbic system
widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate eachother to form a netweork. these nuclei are implicated in emotions
list:
Brain structures in the limbic system
- hypothalamus
- anterior thalamus
- cingulate cortex
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- fornix
Define:
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
a condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety
define:
fear conditioning
classical condtioning in which the rat gets shocked until its scared
define:
amygdala
group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe
answer:
which brain structure is involved in fear responses
amygdala
define:
appetitive learning
conditoned postitive emotional reactions, such as sex-related stimuli or other pleasurabel signals
Answer:
what is the brain structure involved in appertitive learning?
amygdala
answer:
work in the 1950s found that rats will press a lever in order to give themselves breif electrical stimulation in a brain region. which of the following is this brain region?
A The gyrus
B The cingulate
C The septum
D The insula
C The septum
Answer:
Which of the following is a condition, seen in humans and nonhuman animals following bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety?
A Decorticate rage
B Maternal agression
C Kluver-Bucy syndrome
D Capgras delusion
C Kluver-Bucy symdrome
Answer:
Which of the following is a group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe?
A Medial forebrain bundle
B Nucleus accumbens
C Amygdala
D Thalamus
Define:
aggression
behavior that is intended to cause harm
define:
medial amygdala
a portion of the amygdala that receives olfactory and pheromonal information
define:
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
a hypothlamic region involved in sexual behaviors, eating, and aggression
define:
Maternal aggression
aggression of a mother defending her nest or offspring
define:
psychopath
an individual who routinely engages in deception, violence or other antisocial behavior and who has little capacity for empathy or remorse
True or False:
Castrating males to remove the principal source of testosterone usually increases aggressive behavior drastically.
false
answer:
Castrating males to remove the principal source of testosterone usually increases aggressive behavior drastically.
A Ventromedial hypothalamus
B Thalamus
C Lateral hypothalamus
D Hippocampus
A Ventromedial hypothalamus
True or False
Psychopathy is a psychiatric disorder with formal diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5.
False
define:
Stress
any circumstance that upsets homeostatic balance
define:
Adrenal medulla
inner most core of the adrenal gland. the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
define:
Adrenal cortex
steroid secreting outer tind of the adrenal gland
Answer:
What hormones are released by the HPA axis
adrenal corticosteroid hormones
(Cortisol)
define:
Stress immunization
a little stress early in life makes the animal more resilient to later stress
answer:
According to Hans Selye, which of the following is defined as the rate of all the wear and tear caused by life?
A Stress
B Psychopathy
C Motivation
D Aggression
A Stress
True or False
According to Hans Selye, the initial response to stress is the alarm reaction.
True
answer:
What the common term for the hormone and synaptic transmitter epinephrine?
adrenaline
Which of the following is true of norepinephrine
A It is also called adrenaline.
B It is a steroid hormone produced by the testes and responsible for intermale aggression.
C It is a neurotransmitter produced and released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons to accelerate organ activity.
D It is a glucocorticoid stress hormone of the adrenal cortex.
C It is a neurotransmitter produced and released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons to accelerate organ activity.
answer:
A researcher studies the facial muscles of human beings to try to resolve some of the controversy surrounding the facial feedback hypothesis. Which of the following is most likely an idea that is part of this study?
A Forcing oneself to smile will not help one feel happier.
BDisplaying false emotional expressions in stressful situations has negative consequences for well-being.
C A person’s mood can be affected by sensory feedback from the person’s facial expressions.
DPeople who simulate a frown experience more positive feelings than ones who simulate a smile.
C A person’s mood can be affected by sensory feedback from the person’s facial expressions.
answer
In classic research, hormonal responses to stress were studied in a group of young recruits in the Norwegian military both before and during scary parachute training. Which of the following were observed in this study? (Select all that apply.)
A On each jump day, the autonomic nervous system was activated.
B Testosterone increased dramatically above control levels on the first day of training and reduced with subsequent jumps.
C Though epinephrine and norepinephrine were elevated before the first jumps, they returned to normal before subsequent jumps.
D On each jump day, the anterior pituitary released reduced levels of hormones.
A On each jump day, the autonomic nervous system was activated.
answser
Which of the following accurately shows the relationship between real-life situations and endocrine responses?
A Riding in a commuter train inhibits the release of epinephrine.
B A young person with epilepsy experiences stress due to bullying, and as a result, the person has a highly responsive adrenal system.
CA person experiences the stress of a PhD oral exam, and this leads to a dramatic reduction in both epinephrine and norepinephrine.
D The shorter the work cycle of a factory worker, the lower the levels of epinephrine in the body.
B A young person with epilepsy experiences stress due to bullying, and as a result, the person has a highly responsive adrenal system.
answer:
Who among the following shows a typical characteristic of a psychopath?
A A person who has impaired ability to control impulsive behavior because of the reduced size and activity of prefrontal cortex
B A person who reacts extremely negatively to words about violence and is considered unintelligent
C A person who has strong self-contro
D
A person who has no charm or self-worth
A A person who has impaired ability to control impulsive behavior because of the reduced size and activity of prefrontal cortex
answer:
Which of the following accurately shows the chain of events in emotional responses in the correct order according to the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A A firecracker explodes in front of a person, the person hears the loud sound, the person’s heart races, the person appraises the context cognitively, and the person attributes the emotion responsible for arousal.
B A firecracker explodes in front of a person, the person hears the loud sound, the person experiences fear, and the person’s heart races.
C A firecracker explodes in front of a person, the person hears the loud sound, and the person’s heart races and experiences fear simultaneously
D A firecracker explodes in front of a person, the person hears the loud sound, the person’s heart races, and the person experiences fear.
D A firecracker explodes in front of a person, the person hears the loud sound, the person’s heart races, and the person experiences fear.
Answer:
After a surgery, a monkey started eating mud and sticks. The monkey, which had been wild and fearful of humans before the surgery, became tame and showed neither fear nor aggression afterward. It also showed frequent and often inappropriate sexual behavior. Which of the following is most likely true about the monkey?
A The monkey’s behavioral changes are the result of fear conditioning.
B The surgery removed most of the monkey’s cortex.
C The monkey’s behavioral changes are the result of brain self-stimulation.
D The surgery destroyed only the left and right amygdalas of the monkey’s brain.
D The surgery destroyed only the left and right amygdalas of the monkey’s brain.
answer:
Which of the following are true about the facial muscles of human beings? (Select all that apply.)
A Facial muscles are controlled by the nervous system and help produce nuanced facial expressions and behaviors.
B Superficial facial muscles attach to bone and produce larger-scale movements, like chewing.
C Facial muscles are innervated by the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) and the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
D The face area of motor cortex governs the activity of the cranial nerves innervating facial muscles.
A Facial muscles are controlled by the nervous system and help produce nuanced facial expressions and behaviors.
D The face area of motor cortex governs the activity of the cranial nerves innervating facial muscles.
Answer:
A researcher conducts a study on the relationship between aggressive behavior and neurotransmitter systems on a group of monkeys. Which of the following will most likely be observed in this study?
ACastrating male monkeys to remove the source of testosterone increases aggressive behavior.
BWith the secretion of testosterone, intermale aggression markedly decreases in the monkeys.
CThe lowest levels of serotonin are released in the brain of the most aggressive monkeys.
DDrugs that enhance GABA transmission increase aggressive behavior in the monkeys.
CThe lowest levels of serotonin are released in the brain of the most aggressive monkeys.
answer
A researcher presents an animal with light paired with a mild electric shock. After repeating this several times, the researcher observes that the light itself elicits behaviors associated with fear, such as freezing in position, in the animal. Which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?
ABrain self-stimulation
BKlüver-Bucy syndrome
CDecorticate rage
DFear conditioning
DFear conditioning
answer:
“Learning that I would have to give a speech in class instantly made me apprehensive.” In the context of Plutchik’s classification of basic emotions, identify the medium-intensity form of the emotion expressed in this statement.
A Rage
BDisgust
CFear
DVigilance
CFear
answer:
Which of the following are true about aggression in humans? (Select all that apply.)
AThe major effect of lowered testosterone is a reduction in sexual motivation more than a direct effect on aggression in human beings.
BYoung men going through puberty show an increase in aggressive behavior because of a sudden, correlated large increase in circulating testosterone.
C Treating adult volunteers with extra testosterone increases their aggression.
D Boys engaging in vigorous and destructive play behavior show a form of aggressive behavior.
A and D
A person searched the topic “the relationship between the subjective feelings of emotions and the activity of the autonomic nervous system” on the internet. The person finds an explanation based on common sense, or informal observation, in one of the websites. Which of the following is most likely this explanation?
A Emotions experienced by a person are caused by the bodily changes.
BThe brain interprets a situation to decide which emotion is appropriate.
C Emotions experienced by a person cause the autonomic reactions in the person’s body.
D A person uses context to cognitively attribute specific emotions to arousal.
C Emotions experienced by a person cause the autonomic reactions in the person’s body.
answer:
A person experiences a large amount of job stress. Which of the following will most likely reduce the impact of the person’s stress?
AThe person should take drugs that inhibit GABA transmission.
B The person should participate in a relaxation training program.
C The person should engage in activities that help increase sham rage.
D The person should take drugs to increase testosterone levels.
B The person should participate in a relaxation training program.
answer:
Which of the following are true about the role of the amygdala in fear experienced by human beings?
A When people are shown visual stimuli associated with pain or fear, amygdala neurons become inactive.
B Amygdala activation may be observed even if a person is not consciously aware of a stimulus associated with pain or fear.
C People who have temporal lobe seizures that include the amygdala usually report that seizures are accompanied by intense fear.
D When people view facial expressions of fear, electrophysiological responses occur more quickly in the visual cortex than in the amygdala.
B and C
