Chapter 2: neurophysiology Flashcards
define:
Ions
electically charged molecules
define:
anions
negatively charged ions
define:
Cations
positively charged ions
Answer:
what is the majority of ions in a neuron
anions
True or False:
The inside of a neuron is more positively charged than the fluid around it
false
the neuron is more negatively charged
define:
resting potential
electrical difference across the membrane
Answer:
What is the resting potential of a neuron
-50 to -80 millivolts (mV)
define:
ion channel
tubelike pore that allows ions of a specific type to pass through the membrane.
Define:
selective permeability
membrane allows some things to pass through and not others
define:
diffusion
tendency for molecules of a substance to spread from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.
define
electrostatic pressure
the distribution of electrical charges
Answer:
What are positively charged K+ particles to?
the negatively charged interior of the cell
Answer:
Anions are repelled by the cell interior so they tend to do what?
exit into the extracellular fluid
Answer:
Where is sodium found
in relation to the cell
more outside cell
Answer:
where is chloride (Cl-) found
in relation to the cell
more outside cell
Answer:
where is potassium (K+) found
in relation to the cell
more inside the cell
Answer:
where are negatively charged protiens (A-) synthesized
within the neuron
Answer:
where are negatively chanrged particles (A-) found?
within the neuron
Answer:
What particles do Ion channels allow to pass through?
K+ (potassium)
Answer:
What particles aren’t passed through ion channels?
Na+ (sodium)
List:
factors influencing ion distribution
4 points
- semipermeable membrane
- sodium-potassium pump
- Homogenization/ diffusion
- Electrostatic pressure
Define
phospholipid bilayer
head is hydrophillic
tail is hydrophobic
Describe:
Sodium potassium pump
Actively forces Na+ out of the neuron and brings in K+
Answer:
- how many Na+ particles are pumped out in the sodium potassium pump
- how many K+ particles enter?
- 3
- 2
Answer:
What is the source of energy for the sodium potassium pump?
ATP
Define:
Diffusion
process by which molecules distribute themselves evenly throughout a solution
Define:
concentration gradient
molecules move from areas in which their concentration is high to areas of low concentration
Answer:
What is diffusing?
particle to where
Na+ in extracellular fluid want to go into intracellular fluid where there aren’t as many Na+ ions
define:
Electrostatic pressure
the attraction between oppositely charged particles, or the repulsive force of particles of the same charge
fill in the blank:
Extracellular fluid is ( ) charged
positively
define:
Equilibrium potential
the electrical charge that exactly balances the concentration gradient
define:
Hyperpolarization
an increase in membrane potential
define:
depolarization
decrease in membrane potential
closer to zero
define
local potentials
electrical potential that is initiated by stimulation at a specific site, graded response that spreads passively across cell membrane decreases in strenght with time and distance
define
threshold
the stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger an action potential in an axon
define:
Action potential
also called spike. a rapid reversal of the membrane potential that momentarily makes the inside of a neuron positive with respect to the outside
define:
all-or-none property
the condition that the sixe if the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus
define:
afterpotenials
the positive or negative change in membrane potential that may follow an action potential
define:
absolute refactory phase
brief period of complete insensitivity to stimuli
define:
relative refactory phase
period of reduced sensitivity during which only one strong stimulation produces an action potential
define:
conduction velocity
speed at which an action potential is propagated along the lenght of an axon
define:
Saltatory conduction
action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to the next
define:
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
depolarizing potential in aneuron that is normally caused by synaptic excitation. increase the probablity that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potential
define:
inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)
hyperpolarizing potential in a neuron. decrease the probablity that the post synaptic neiron will fire an action potential
define:
spatial summation
summation of post-synaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock; if the summation reaches threshold action potential is triggered
define:
Temporal summation
summation of postsynaptic potential tha reach the axon hillock at different times. closer in time the potentials occur the greater the summation
answer
what is the potential of a neuron in the state of equilibrium
approximately 65 millivolts
define:
Ligand
any substance that binds to a receptor
Define
agonist
substance that mimics or boosts the action of a transmitter or other signaling molecule
define
antagonist
decreases or interferes with transmitter action
define:
degradation
chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into inactive metabolites
define:
Reuptake
reabsorbtion of molecules of neurotransmitter by the neurons that released them.
list:
characteristics of ionotropic receptors
- ligand activated ion channels
- fast
- only let ions in
list
characteristics of metabotropic
7 points
- signal proteins and G proteins
- slower
- long-lasting change
- more diffuse
- more varied
- 2 mechanisms
- can let ions in and affect neurons
list:
crieria for neurotransmitters
5 points
- synthesized and stored in axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron
- it is released when action potentials reach axon terminals
- recognized by receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
- causes changes in a postsynaptic cell
- blocking its release interferes with a presynaptic cells ability to affect the post synaptic cell
List:
main classes of neurotransmitters
3 points
- amino acid neurotransmitters
- monoamine neurotransmitters
- acetylcholine
list:
type of excitatory amino acids
2 points
- Glutamate
- aspertate
list
inhibitory amino acids
2 points
- GABA
- Glycine
list:
types of Monoamine Neurotransmitters
2 points
- catecholamines
- indolamine
list
catecholamines
3 points
- Norepinephrine
- epinephrine
- dopamine
list:
indolamine
1 point
serotonin
Answer:
what is the most prevelent excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
list
ionotropic glutamate receptors
3 points
- NMDA
- AMPA
- KAR
List:
Characteristics of PCP
2 points
what kind of drug? side effect?
- antagonist
- Hallucinations