Chapter 3 — The Cell — Protein Synthesis

Question 1

one gene codes for one specific _______

Answer 1

protein

Question 2

function of DNA in protein synthesis

Answer 2

codes for specific types of proteins

Question 3

the goal of protein synthesis

Answer 3

to produce a specific polypeptide protein

Question 4

2 main processes of protein synthesis (in sequential order)

Answer 4

transcription & translation

Question 5

definition of transcription

Answer 5

to produce an mRNA copy of a gene that codes for a specific polypeptide protein

Question 6

definition of translation

Answer 6

formation of a polypeptide protein from the mRNA template

Question 7

2 main parts of transcription

Answer 7

exposure of the gene

copying of the gene

Question 8

Where does transcription take place?

Answer 8

in the nucleus

Question 9

before a gene can be transcribed, it must be ______

Answer 9

exposed

Question 10

the two strands of DNA in a double helix are bound by

Answer 10

hydrogen bonds

Question 11

enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between DNA strands, exposing a gene for transcription

Answer 11

helicase

Question 12

4 nitrogenous bases in DNA

Answer 12

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Question 13

DNA nitrogenous base pairing

Answer 13

A+T, G+C

Question 14

during transcription, Thymine is replaced by _______

Answer 14

Uracil

Question 15

RNA nitrogenous base pairing

Answer 15

A+U, G+C

Question 16

RNA is ______-stranded

Answer 16

single

Question 17

What is a promoter site?

Answer 17

marker at the beginning of a gene that ‘tells’ the polymerase where to begin transcribing

Question 18

What is RNApolymerase?

Answer 18

molecule that attaches to the gene and transcribes its bases into mRNA

Question 19

What are trancription factors?

Answer 19

molecules that allow the polymerase to attach to the promoter site of a gene

Question 20

What does the DNA do when the mRNA strand is complete?

Answer 20

resumes its normal (non-exposed) chromosome form

Question 21

function of the mRNA strand

Answer 21

it is a template for the formation of a specific polypeptide protein

Question 22

What is a codon?

Answer 22

a series of 3 base pairs on an mRNA strand which codes for a specific amino acid

Question 23

the codons on an mRNA strand must be read in proper ______

Answer 23

sequence

Question 24

definition of a polypeptide protein

Answer 24

a sequence of amino acids bound together in a specific order

Question 25

ribosomes attach to the mRNA strand at the _____ _____

Answer 25

start codon (AUG)

Question 26

function of ribosomes

Answer 26

catalysts for binding amino acids together

Question 27

ribosomes are composed of a _____ ___ and a ______ ___

Answer 27

large unit; small unit

Question 28

2 slots in a ribosome

Answer 28

A-slot and P-slot

Question 29

What is tRNA?

Answer 29

regions on an amino acid that complement mRNA and transport amino acids to the ribosomes

Question 30

What is an anticodon?

Answer 30

a series of 3 bases on an amino acid that match with a codon on an mRNA strand

Question 31

that matching of codons with anticodons ensures…

Answer 31

that you get the correct amino acids binding in the correct sequence

Question 32

______ is responsible for the movement of amino acids into the area of the ribosome

Answer 32

diffusion

Question 33

the ribosome detaches from the mRNA strand and resumes its form when it reaches the ____ _____

Answer 33

stop codon

Question 34

at the end of protein synthesis, the polypeptide strand is

Answer 34

released into the cytoplasm

Question 35

translation occurs where?

Answer 35

cytoplasm

Question 36

after helicase exposes the gene…

Answer 36

RNApolymerase attaches to the gene at the promoter site

Question 37

after RNApolymerase attaches to the gene at the promoter site…

Answer 37

it reads the base sequence and creates a complementary mRNA strand

Question 38

after polymerase reads the base sequence and creates a complementary mRNA strand…

Answer 38

it detaches from the gene

Question 39

after polymerase detaches from the gene…

Answer 39

DNA resumes its original form

Question 40

after the protein synthesis process moves into the cytoplasm…

Answer 40

the ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand at the start codon

Question 41

after the ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand at the start codon…

Answer 41

tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosomes and the anticodons match with the codons

Question 42

after tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosomes and the anticodons match with the codons…

Answer 42

the ribosome binds the amino acids together in sequence

Question 43

after the ribosome binds the amino acids together in sequence and it reaches a stop codon…

Answer 43

the ribosome detaches from the mRNA and releases the polypeptide protein into the cytoplasm