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BS113—Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 2 — Chemistry Pt 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 — Chemistry Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of ions

A

charged atoms or molecules

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2
Q

charge is created by the proportion of _____ to ______

A

protons to electrons

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3
Q

equal protons and electrons result in a

A

neutral charge

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4
Q

more protons than electrons result in a

A

positive charge

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5
Q

more electrons than protons result in a

A

negative charge

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6
Q

_______ is important to neural function as it enters and leaves neurons

A

Na+ (sodium ions)

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7
Q

as Na+ enters a neuron, which is usually negatively charged, it generates an _______ ________

A

graded potential

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8
Q

NaCl is

A

table salt

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9
Q

we get the ions we need for our functioning through

A

food, water, kinds of salts

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10
Q

the bonds of an _________ break as it enters your watery body fluids

A

electrolyte

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11
Q

As NaCl enters the water in your body fluids, its chemical bonds break. This is important because it makes Na and Cl…

A

available for your body to use.

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12
Q

definition of molecule

A

2 or more atoms chemically bonded

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13
Q

a molecule made of different elements is a

A

compound

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14
Q

outermost electrons

A

valence electrons

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15
Q

the octet rule states that

A

an atom is most stable when it has 8 valence electrons

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16
Q

atoms with filled valence shells are ______, or nonreactive

A

inert

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17
Q

to fill their valence shells, atoms form ______ _____

A

chemical bonds

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18
Q

3 types of chemical bonds

A

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

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19
Q

bond formed when electrons are transferred between a metal and nonmetal

A

ionic bond

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20
Q

moderate strength bond

A

ionic

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21
Q

a positive ion

A

cation

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22
Q

a negative ion

A

anion

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23
Q

the ‘opposites attract’ principle most applies to _______ bonds

A

ionic

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24
Q

bond formed when two nonmetals share valence electrons

A

covalent bond

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25
Q

strongest chemical bond

A

covalent bond

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26
Q

H20 is an example of a(n) _______ bond

A

covalent

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27
Q

electrons are shared equally in a ________ covalent bond

A

nonpolar

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28
Q

electrons are shared unequally in a ______ covalent bond

A

polar

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29
Q

property of an atom which determines how strongly it attracts electrons

A

electronegativity

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30
Q

T/F elements with high electronegativity attract electrons strongly

A

True

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31
Q

the more electronegative element in a polar bond will have a slight ________ charge

A

negative

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32
Q

hydrogen bonds cause this property of water

A

surface tension

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33
Q

a partially electrostatic attraction between hydrogen & a more electronegative atom

A

hydrogen bond

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34
Q

the most important inorganic compound in all life forms is

A

water

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35
Q

every bodily fluid is ______ based

A

water

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36
Q

water’s high heat capacity means it can

A

absorb and release large amounts of heat before changing its own temperature

37
Q

this property of water allows the blood to prevent sudden changes to core temp

A

high heat capacity

38
Q

water’s heat vaporization property means it can

A

release large amounts of heat when it vaporizes

39
Q

this bodily fluid takes advantage of heat vaporization to regulate temp

A

sweat

40
Q

6 properties of water that make it the most important inorganic compound to life

A
  1. high heat capacity
  2. heat vaporization
  3. solvent
  4. reactivity
  5. cushioning
  6. lubrication
41
Q

the body’s solvent is always

A

water

42
Q

water is a great solvent because

A

it is a polar bond — its negative charge attracts solutes

43
Q

water’s solvency plays an important role in _________ of chemicals

A

transportation

44
Q

________ chemicals are essential to functioning

A

biological

45
Q

the body’s main transport medium

A

blood

46
Q

chemicals move along their ________ from tiny blood vessels called ________ to the ________ fluid around the cells

A

gradient; capillaries; interstitial

47
Q

fluid that surrounds cells

A

interstitial fluid

48
Q

the majority of chemical reactions occur where?

A

within the cell

49
Q

water’s reactivity means it ________ in chemical reactions

A

participates

50
Q

this property of water means it plays a role in many chemical reactions

A

reactivity

51
Q

when water participates in a reaction to break down a compound

A

hydrolysis

52
Q

hydrolysis is associated with water’s _________ property

A

reactivity

53
Q

water’s cusioning property means it

A

absorbs and dissipates force over a broader area

54
Q

this property of water relates to its ability to dissipate force

A

cushioning

55
Q

given examples of cushioning

A

synovial fluid in knees; cerebrospinal fluid between brain and skull

56
Q

water’s lubrication property means it

A

reduces friction

57
Q

friction in the body can cause _____ and ______

A

heat and damage

58
Q

this bodily fluid exemplifies water’s lubrication property

A

serous fluid

59
Q

definition of mixture

A

a substance that contains 2 or more physically mixed components, which are not chemically bonded

60
Q

3 types of mixtures

A

solution
colloid/emulsion
suspension

61
Q

substance added to a solvent to create a solution

A

solute

62
Q

solution =

A

solvent (water) + solute

63
Q

when a mixture does not separate out, its components are held in

A

suspension

64
Q

this mixture is transparent

A

solution

65
Q

solutions are transparent because the solute particles are ______ and do not refract light

A

small

66
Q

colloid =

A

water + proteins

67
Q

another term for colloid

A

emulsion

68
Q

these mixtures are opaque

A

colloids & suspensions

69
Q

colloids are not transparent because proteins are relatively ______ and refract light

A

large

70
Q

T/F in a colloid, the proteins will fall out of suspension

A

False

71
Q

suspension =

A

water + large particles

72
Q

this type of mixture will fall out of suspension if it’s not mixed

A

suspension

73
Q

______ can function as a solution, a colloid, and a suspension. For each mixture, its components are…

A

blood

chemicals; proteins; red blood cells

74
Q

each fluid compartment’s fluid is ________ ______

A

chemically unique

75
Q

3 main fluid compartments

A

vascular, interstitial, cellular

76
Q

fluid in the vascular compartment

A

blood

77
Q

fluid in the interstitial compartment

A

interstitial fluid

78
Q

fluid in the cellular compartment

A

cytosol

79
Q

3 mechanisms for material exchange

A

diffusion, active transport, osmosis

80
Q

two types of diffusion

A

simple & facilitated

81
Q

_______ diffusion requires a gradient but no MTP

A

simple

82
Q

_______ diffusion requires a gradient and an MTP

A

facilitated

83
Q

if particles are too large or charged, a ___________ is required to diffuse them

A

membrane transport protein

84
Q

MTPs display _______, moving only one chemical

A

specificity

85
Q

this mechanism for material exchange requires energy and an MTP

A

active transport

86
Q

this mechanism for material exchange does not require a concentration gradient

A

active transport

87
Q

definition of osmosis

A

movement of water due to another chemical’s concentration gradient

88
Q

If Na+ is high in one area and low in another, osmosis will cause water to move toward the area in which it is ______

A

higher

89
Q

osmosis is necessary when you have a __________ membrane

A

semipermeable

BS113—Anatomy & Physiology I (13 decks)

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