Chapter 1 — Basics

Question 1

study of the body’s structure

Answer 1

anatomy

Question 2

study of the body’s functions

Answer 2

physiology

Question 3

T/F we can look at A&P on every organizational level of the body

Answer 3

True

Question 4

first organizational level

Answer 4

chemical

Question 5

organizational level composed of atoms & molecules

Answer 5

chemical

Question 6

on the chemical level, function can be ________ or _________

Answer 6

structural or functional

Question 7

smallest unit of life

Answer 7

cell

Question 8

second organizational level

Answer 8

cellular

Question 9

failure of a cell to maintain its function can mean ______ or _____ _______

Answer 9

cancer or cell death

Question 10

third organizational level

Answer 10

tissue

Question 11

definition of tissue

Answer 11

collection of like cells that have a common structure & serve particular function/s

Question 12

study of tissue

Answer 12

histology

Question 13

4 basic types of tissue

Answer 13

epithelial - muscle - connective - nervous

Question 14

______ tissues line surfaces of organs & blood vessels

Answer 14

epithelial

Question 15

fourth organizational level

Answer 15

organ

Question 16

definition of organ

Answer 16

structure composed of 2 or more tissues and provides specific function/s

Question 17

fifth organizational level

Answer 17

organ system

Question 18

definition of organ system

Answer 18

composed of 2 or more organs & provides specific set of functions

Question 19

sixth & final organizational level

Answer 19

organism

Question 20

4 core concepts in A&P

Answer 20

1. homeostasis & homeostatic control mechanisms
2. structure & function are related
3. gradients
4. cell to cell communication

Question 21

definition of homeostasis

Answer 21

relatively constant state of equilibrium within the internal environment of body

Question 22

examples of homeostatic variables

Answer 22

water, temperature, glucose levels, blood (pressure, viscosity, volume), oxygen, etc

Question 23

because we are _______, homeostasis allows for minor fluctuations around a ______ ________ for each variable

Answer 23

active; normal baseline

Question 24

monitors and corrects one homeostatic variable

Answer 24

homeostatic control mechanism

Question 25

4 basic components of a homeostatic control mechanism

Answer 25

1. monitoring mechanism 2. integration center/control center 3. effectors 4. feedback

Question 26

function of monitoring mechanism

Answer 26

monitors a specific variable & sends signals to integration/control center

Question 27

a monitoring mechanism displays ________, monitoring only 1 variable

Answer 27

specificity

Question 28

monitoring mechanisms are usually either ________ cells or _______ ________ cells

Answer 28

receptor; endocrine gland

Question 29

receptor cells send _______ signals, while endocrine gland cells send ________ signals

Answer 29

electrical; chemical

Question 30

function of integration/control center (4 parts)

Answer 30

(1) receives information about homeostatic variable from monitoring mechanism, (2) assesses & interprets info, (3) determines if variable is too low or too high, (4) creates signal to send to effectors

Question 31

integration/control centers are usually located in the ______

Answer 31

brain

Question 32

function of effectors

Answer 32

bring apppropriate change to homeostatic variable, get it back into normal range

Question 33

effectors are usually either ________ or _______ cells

Answer 33

endocrine or muscle

Question 34

function of feedback

Answer 34

ends response of effectors once variable is back in normal range

Question 35

_______ feedback decreases response of effectors as variable changes

Answer 35

negative

Question 36

________ feedback increases response of effectors as variable changes

Answer 36

positive

Question 37

most feedback is ________

Answer 37

negative

Question 38

two examples of positive feedback in the textbook

Answer 38

childbirth & blood clotting

Question 39

according to the 3rd core concept, ________ & ________ are related

Answer 39

structure & function

Question 40

a _________ occurs when there is a higher concentration of a substance in one area than in another

Answer 40

gradient

Question 41

movement of a substance that does not require energy

Answer 41

diffusion

Question 42

movement associated with gradients

Answer 42

diffusion

Question 43

______ ___ are used in neural function and rely on gradients to create electrical charges

Answer 43

sodium ions

Question 44

___ to ____ communication is required to coordinate body functions

Answer 44

cell to cell

Question 45

cell to cell communication is required to ______ ______ _______

Answer 45

coordinate body functions

Question 46

cell to cell communication is achieved through _______ or ________ signals

Answer 46

electrical (nervous) or chemical (endocrine)