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BS113—Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 1 — Basics > Flashcards

Chapter 1 — Basics Flashcards

1
Q

study of the body’s structure

A

anatomy

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2
Q

study of the body’s functions

A

physiology

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3
Q

T/F we can look at A&P on every organizational level of the body

A

True

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4
Q

first organizational level

A

chemical

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5
Q

organizational level composed of atoms & molecules

A

chemical

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6
Q

on the chemical level, function can be ________ or _________

A

structural or functional

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7
Q

smallest unit of life

A

cell

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8
Q

second organizational level

A

cellular

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9
Q

failure of a cell to maintain its function can mean ______ or _____ _______

A

cancer or cell death

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10
Q

third organizational level

A

tissue

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11
Q

definition of tissue

A

collection of like cells that have a common structure & serve particular function/s

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12
Q

study of tissue

A

histology

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13
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A

epithelial - muscle - connective - nervous

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14
Q

______ tissues line surfaces of organs & blood vessels

A

epithelial

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15
Q

fourth organizational level

A

organ

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16
Q

definition of organ

A

structure composed of 2 or more tissues and provides specific function/s

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17
Q

fifth organizational level

A

organ system

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18
Q

definition of organ system

A

composed of 2 or more organs & provides specific set of functions

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19
Q

sixth & final organizational level

A

organism

20
Q

4 core concepts in A&P

A
  1. homeostasis & homeostatic control mechanisms
  2. structure & function are related
  3. gradients
  4. cell to cell communication
21
Q

definition of homeostasis

A

relatively constant state of equilibrium within the internal environment of body

22
Q

examples of homeostatic variables

A

water, temperature, glucose levels, blood (pressure, viscosity, volume), oxygen, etc

23
Q

because we are _______, homeostasis allows for minor fluctuations around a ______ ________ for each variable

A

active; normal baseline

24
Q

monitors and corrects one homeostatic variable

A

homeostatic control mechanism

25
Q

4 basic components of a homeostatic control mechanism

A
  1. monitoring mechanism
  2. integration center/control center
  3. effectors
  4. feedback
26
Q

function of monitoring mechanism

A

monitors a specific variable & sends signals to integration/control center

27
Q

a monitoring mechanism displays ________, monitoring only 1 variable

A

specificity

28
Q

monitoring mechanisms are usually either ________ cells or _______ ________ cells

A

receptor; endocrine gland

29
Q

receptor cells send _______ signals, while endocrine gland cells send ________ signals

A

electrical; chemical

30
Q

function of integration/control center (4 parts)

A

(1) receives information about homeostatic variable from monitoring mechanism, (2) assesses & interprets info, (3) determines if variable is too low or too high, (4) creates signal to send to effectors

31
Q

integration/control centers are usually located in the ______

A

brain

32
Q

function of effectors

A

bring apppropriate change to homeostatic variable, get it back into normal range

33
Q

effectors are usually either ________ or _______ cells

A

endocrine or muscle

34
Q

function of feedback

A

ends response of effectors once variable is back in normal range

35
Q

_______ feedback decreases response of effectors as variable changes

A

negative

36
Q

________ feedback increases response of effectors as variable changes

A

positive

37
Q

most feedback is ________

A

negative

38
Q

two examples of positive feedback in the textbook

A

childbirth & blood clotting

39
Q

according to the 3rd core concept, ________ & ________ are related

A

structure & function

40
Q

a _________ occurs when there is a higher concentration of a substance in one area than in another

A

gradient

41
Q

movement of a substance that does not require energy

A

diffusion

42
Q

movement associated with gradients

A

diffusion

43
Q

______ ___ are used in neural function and rely on gradients to create electrical charges

A

sodium ions

44
Q

___ to ____ communication is required to coordinate body functions

A

cell to cell

45
Q

cell to cell communication is required to ______ ______ _______

A

coordinate body functions

46
Q

cell to cell communication is achieved through _______ or ________ signals

A

electrical (nervous) or chemical (endocrine)

BS113—Anatomy & Physiology I (13 decks)

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