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BS113—Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 2 — Chemistry Pt 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 — Chemistry Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of an acid

A

chemical that releases hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution

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2
Q

definition of a base

A

chemical that bonds with hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution

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3
Q

In an acidic solution, there are (many/few) free hydrogens

A

many

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4
Q

In a basic solution, there are (many/few) free hydrogens

A

few

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5
Q

A basic solution makes hydrogen _________ to the body

A

unavailable

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6
Q

HCO₃ + H+ is…

A

bicarbonate (base)

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7
Q

H₂CO₃

A

carbonic acid

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8
Q

pH stands for

A

potential Hydrogen

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9
Q

definition of pH

A

measure of the hydrogen ions in a solution

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10
Q

pH ranges from _ to __, with neutral being _

A

0-14; 7

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11
Q

on the pH scale, 0 is most _____ while 14 is most ______

A

acidic; basic

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12
Q

Why can acidity cause problems for human physiology?

A

There are many free hydrogen ions in an acidic solution. Hydrogen ions can denature molecules, making them unable to perform their functions.

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13
Q

definition of denature

A

to disrupt a molecule’s structure & shape

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14
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.3-7.4

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15
Q

the homeostatic control mechanisms responsible for keeping pH normal are called

A

buffer systems

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16
Q

buffer systems can _____ to or _______ H+ to alter pH

A

bind to or release

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17
Q

We have a reserve of ________ to help adjust pH. This chemical is _______ because most of our body’s problems involve high _______.

A

bicarbonate; basic; acidity

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18
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when

A

the body breaks down proteins, causing acidic keto body buildup

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19
Q

definition of energy

A

the capacity to do work

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20
Q

the body requires _______ energy to do work

A

chemical

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21
Q

energy can be generated by ________ some bonds

A

breaking

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22
Q

glucose molecules can be broken down and ________ can be attached to ATP as an energy source

A

electrons

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23
Q

definition of a chemical reaction

A

a chemical process by which chemical bonds are formed or broken

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24
Q

components of a reaction

A

reactants & products

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25
Q

an arrow determines the ______ of a reaction

A

direction

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26
Q

4 basic types of reactions

A

anabolic
catabolic
exhange
reversible

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27
Q

A + B → AB is a(n)

A

anabolic reaction

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28
Q

AB → A + B is a(n)

A

catabolic reaction

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29
Q

AB + CD → AD + CB is a(n)

A

exchange reaction

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30
Q

AB ←→ A + B is a(n)

A

reversible reaction

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31
Q

chemical reactions occur mainly in

A

the cells

32
Q

what is the advantage of having chemical reactions occur in the cells or the cell organelles?

A

higher concentration increases rate of reaction

33
Q

for a reaction to occur, you must have

A

sufficient amounts of reactants

34
Q

the ____ of a reaction must be sufficient to support life

A

rate

35
Q

3 influences on rate of reaction

A

temperature
concentration of reactants
catalysts

36
Q

how does temperature affect reaction rate?

A

Higher temperature increases the pace at which atoms move. Atoms moving more quickly will more often collide with one another, increasing the rate of the reaction.

37
Q

how does concentration of reactants affect reaction rate?

A

Higher concentration of reactants increases the frequency with which their atoms collide and react with one another, increasing the rate of the reaction.

38
Q

how do catalysts affect reaction rate?

A

Catalysts lower activation energy for the reaction and bring reactants in contact with one another more quickly (or break them apart).

39
Q

the structure of catalyst enzymes gives them ________; they only function with a certain reactant

A

specificity

40
Q

enzymes have _______ ______ where reactants come into contact with them

A

bonding sites

41
Q

definition of metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions occuring in the body

42
Q

4 macromolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

43
Q

2 root words of carbohydrates

A

sacchar “suger” and -ose

44
Q

4 types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
conjugated carbohydrates

45
Q

3 monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

46
Q

the body’s main source of energy is _______

A

glucose

47
Q

definition of isomers

A

same chemicals arranged differently

48
Q

fructose & galactose are ______ of glucose

A

isomers

49
Q

two monosaccharides used to form DNA & RNA

A

deoxyribose & ribose

50
Q

3 disaccharides

A

maltose, lactose, sucrose

51
Q

glucose + glucose =

A

maltose

52
Q

glucose + fructose =

A

sucrose

53
Q

glucose + galactose =

A

lactose

54
Q

this disaccharide is involved in fermentation & is present in alcohol

A

maltose

55
Q

3 polysaccharides

A

glycogen
starch
cellulose

56
Q

glucose storage form in animals

A

glycogen

57
Q

glucose storage form in plants

A

starch

58
Q

indigestible, but constitutes fiber

A

cellulose

59
Q

Digestion process for carbohydrates

A

Ingest complex carbs →
Digest into monosaccharides →
Build complex carbs body can use structurally OR use monosaccharides as energy source

60
Q

carb + a protein or lipid molecule =

A

conjugated carbohydrate

61
Q

lipids are either ____ or ____

A

fats or oils

62
Q

the source of fats is ______ ______ while the source of oils is ______

A

animal flesh; plants

63
Q

Digestion process for lipids

A

Ingest fats or oils →
Digest into glycerol & fatty acids →
Use in structure or function

64
Q

example of both a structural and a fuctional use for lipids

A

structural: lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
functional: lipid-based hormones

65
Q

the most diverse category of molecules in the body

A

proteins

66
Q

categorization of proteins is based on _______ of the molecules

A

complexity

67
Q

Digestion process for proteins

A

Ingest complex proteins →
Digest into amino acids →
Build complex proteins for structure or function

68
Q

example of both a structural and a fuctional use for proteins

A

structural: membrane transport proteins
functional: protein-based hormones

69
Q

the basic building blocks of proteins are

A

amino acids

70
Q

there are __ essential amino acids

A

20

71
Q

4 steps to build a protein

A

primary structure: polypeptide strands

secondary: helix, pleated sheets, coils, etc (binding of ppt strands)
tertiary: globular proteins
quaternary: complex proteins

72
Q

a polypeptide strand is made of bonded

A

amino acids

73
Q

2 classes of nucleic acids

A

DNA & RNA

74
Q

function of DNA

A

means of storing and processing information

75
Q

a segment of DNA

A

gene

76
Q

genes are ‘blueprints’ for making

A

proteins

77
Q

___ drives the production of a protein

A

RNA

BS113—Anatomy & Physiology I (13 decks)

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