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BS113—Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 2 — Chemistry Pt 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 — Chemistry Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of an acid

A

chemical that releases hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution

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2
Q

definition of a base

A

chemical that bonds with hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution

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3
Q

In an acidic solution, there are (many/few) free hydrogens

A

many

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4
Q

In a basic solution, there are (many/few) free hydrogens

A

few

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5
Q

A basic solution makes hydrogen _________ to the body

A

unavailable

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6
Q

HCO₃ + H+ is…

A

bicarbonate (base)

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7
Q

H₂CO₃

A

carbonic acid

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8
Q

pH stands for

A

potential Hydrogen

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9
Q

definition of pH

A

measure of the hydrogen ions in a solution

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10
Q

pH ranges from _ to __, with neutral being _

A

0-14; 7

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11
Q

on the pH scale, 0 is most _____ while 14 is most ______

A

acidic; basic

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12
Q

Why can acidity cause problems for human physiology?

A

There are many free hydrogen ions in an acidic solution. Hydrogen ions can denature molecules, making them unable to perform their functions.

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13
Q

definition of denature

A

to disrupt a molecule’s structure & shape

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14
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.3-7.4

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15
Q

the homeostatic control mechanisms responsible for keeping pH normal are called

A

buffer systems

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16
Q

buffer systems can _____ to or _______ H+ to alter pH

A

bind to or release

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17
Q

We have a reserve of ________ to help adjust pH. This chemical is _______ because most of our body’s problems involve high _______.

A

bicarbonate; basic; acidity

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18
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when

A

the body breaks down proteins, causing acidic keto body buildup

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19
Q

definition of energy

A

the capacity to do work

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20
Q

the body requires _______ energy to do work

A

chemical

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21
Q

energy can be generated by ________ some bonds

A

breaking

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22
Q

glucose molecules can be broken down and ________ can be attached to ATP as an energy source

A

electrons

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23
Q

definition of a chemical reaction

A

a chemical process by which chemical bonds are formed or broken

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24
Q

components of a reaction

A

reactants & products

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25
an arrow determines the ______ of a reaction
direction
26
4 basic types of reactions
anabolic catabolic exhange reversible
27
A + B → AB is a(n)
anabolic reaction
28
AB → A + B is a(n)
catabolic reaction
29
AB + CD → AD + CB is a(n)
exchange reaction
30
AB ←→ A + B is a(n)
reversible reaction
31
chemical reactions occur mainly in
the cells
32
what is the advantage of having chemical reactions occur in the cells or the cell organelles?
higher concentration increases rate of reaction
33
for a reaction to occur, you must have
sufficient amounts of reactants
34
the ____ of a reaction must be sufficient to support life
rate
35
3 influences on rate of reaction
temperature concentration of reactants catalysts
36
how does temperature affect reaction rate?
Higher temperature increases the pace at which atoms move. Atoms moving more quickly will more often collide with one another, increasing the rate of the reaction.
37
how does concentration of reactants affect reaction rate?
Higher concentration of reactants increases the frequency with which their atoms collide and react with one another, increasing the rate of the reaction.
38
how do catalysts affect reaction rate?
Catalysts lower activation energy for the reaction and bring reactants in contact with one another more quickly (or break them apart).
39
the structure of catalyst enzymes gives them ________; they only function with a certain reactant
specificity
40
enzymes have _______ ______ where reactants come into contact with them
bonding sites
41
definition of metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions occuring in the body
42
4 macromolecules
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
43
2 root words of carbohydrates
sacchar "suger" and -ose
44
4 types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides conjugated carbohydrates
45
3 monosaccharides
glucose, galactose, fructose
46
the body's main source of energy is _______
glucose
47
definition of isomers
same chemicals arranged differently
48
fructose & galactose are ______ of glucose
isomers
49
two monosaccharides used to form DNA & RNA
deoxyribose & ribose
50
3 disaccharides
maltose, lactose, sucrose
51
glucose + glucose =
maltose
52
glucose + fructose =
sucrose
53
glucose + galactose =
lactose
54
this disaccharide is involved in fermentation & is present in alcohol
maltose
55
3 polysaccharides
glycogen starch cellulose
56
glucose storage form in animals
glycogen
57
glucose storage form in plants
starch
58
indigestible, but constitutes fiber
cellulose
59
Digestion process for carbohydrates
Ingest complex carbs → Digest into monosaccharides → Build complex carbs body can use structurally OR use monosaccharides as energy source
60
carb + a protein or lipid molecule =
conjugated carbohydrate
61
lipids are either ____ or ____
fats or oils
62
the source of fats is ______ ______ while the source of oils is ______
animal flesh; plants
63
Digestion process for lipids
Ingest fats or oils → Digest into glycerol & fatty acids → Use in structure or function
64
example of both a structural and a fuctional use for lipids
structural: lipid bilayer of plasma membrane functional: lipid-based hormones
65
the most diverse category of molecules in the body
proteins
66
categorization of proteins is based on _______ of the molecules
complexity
67
Digestion process for proteins
Ingest complex proteins → Digest into amino acids → Build complex proteins for structure or function
68
example of both a structural and a fuctional use for proteins
structural: membrane transport proteins functional: protein-based hormones
69
the basic building blocks of proteins are
amino acids
70
there are __ essential amino acids
20
71
4 steps to build a protein
primary structure: polypeptide strands secondary: helix, pleated sheets, coils, etc (binding of ppt strands) tertiary: globular proteins quaternary: complex proteins
72
a polypeptide strand is made of bonded
amino acids
73
2 classes of nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
74
function of DNA
means of storing and processing information
75
a segment of DNA
gene
76
genes are 'blueprints' for making
proteins
77
___ drives the production of a protein
RNA

BS113—Anatomy & Physiology I (13 decks)

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