Chapter 3 Terms

Question 0

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 0

Nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP.

Question 1

Amino acid

Answer 1

Organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules

Question 2

Carbohydrate

Answer 2

Class of organic compounds that typically contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and a 1:2:1 ratio; includes the monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Question 3

Complementary base pairing

Answer 3

Hydrogen bonding between particular purines and pyrimidines; responsible for the structure of DNA, and some are in RNA, molecules.

Question 4

Dehydration reaction

Answer 4

Chemical reaction in which a water molecules released during the formation of a covalent bond.

Question 5

Denatured

Answer 5

Loss of a protein’s or enzyme’s normal shape so that it no longer functions; usually caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature.

Question 6

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 6

Nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contains the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms.

Question 7

enzyme

Answer 7

Organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds a reaction in cells due to its particular shape.

Question 8

Fat

Answer 8

Organic molecule that contains glycerol and three fatty acids; energy storage molecule.

Question 9

Fatty Acid

Answer 9

Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group.

Question 10

Functional group

Answer 10

Specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters into reactions and behaves in a predictable way.

Question 11

Glucose

Answer 11

Six-carbon monosaccharide; used as an energy source during cellular respiration and as a monomer of the structural polysaccharides.

Question 12

Glycerol

Answer 12

Three-carbon carbohydrate with three hydroxyl groups attached; a component of fats and oils.

Question 13

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 13

Splitting of a chemical bond by the addition of water, with the H+ going to one molecule and the OH- going to the other.

Question 14

Hydrophilic

Answer 14

Type of molecule, often polar, that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Question 15

Hydrophobic

Answer 15

Type of molecule, that is typically nonpolar, and therefore does not interact easily with water.

Question 16

Isomer

Answer 16

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure, and therefore a different shape.

Question 17

Lipid

Answer 17

Class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in nonpolar solvents; includes fats and oils.

Question 18

Monomer

Answer 18

Small molecule that is the subunit of a polymer–e.g., glucose is a monomer of starch.

Question 19

Monosaccharide

Answer 19

Simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis–e.g., glucose; also, any monomer of the polysaccharides.

Question 20

Nucleic acid

Answer 20

Polymer of nucleotides; both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.

Question 21

Nucleotide

Answer 21

Monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Question 22

Peptide

Answer 22

Two or more amino acids joined together by covalent bonding.

Question 23

Peptide bond

Answer 23

Type of covalent bond that joins two amino acids.

Question 24

Phospholipid

Answer 24

Molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell’s membranes; has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails.

Question 25

Polymer

Answer 25

Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers; for example, a polypeptide is a polymer of monomers called amino acids.

Question 26

Protein

Answer 26

Polymer of amino acids; often consisting of one or more polypeptides and having a complex three-dimensional shape.

Question 27

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Answer 27

Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in many forms, including: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.