Chapter 3-Systems Working Together

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

organic substances, such as sugars and starch, that are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and contain useful chemical energy

Question 2

Lipids

Answer 2

type of nutrient that includes fats and oils

Question 3

Proteins

Answer 3

chemical made up of amino acids needed for the growth and repair of the cells in living things

Question 4

Vitamins

Answer 4

organic nutrients required in small amounts. They include vitamins A, B, C, D and K.

Question 5

Minerals

Answer 5

any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods

Question 6

Endocrine System

Answer 6

the body system of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to regulate processes in various organs

Question 7

Nervous System

Answer 7

the system of nerves and nerve centres in an animal in which messages are sent as an electrical and then a chemical impulse. It comprises the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Question 8

Dehydrated

Answer 8

state in which too much water has been lost from the body

Question 9

Constipartion

Answer 9

a condition of the bowels, caused by lack of dietary fibre, in which solid wastes cannot easily leave

Question 10

Digestive System

Answer 10

A complex series of organs and glands that processes food in order to supply your body with the nutrients it needs to function effectively

Question 11

Excretory System

Answer 11

he body system that removes waste substances from the body

Question 12

Digestion

Answer 12

breakdown of food into a form that can be used by an animal. It includes both mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

Question 13

Enzymes

Answer 13

special chemicals that speed up reactions but are themselves not used up in the reaction

Question 14

Saliva

Answer 14

watery substance in the mouth that moistens food before swallowing

Question 15

Salivary glands

Answer 15

Glands in the mouth that produce saliva

Question 16

Chemical digestion

Answer 16

The chemical reactions changing food into simpler substances that are absorbed into the bloodstream for use in other parts of the body

Question 17

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 17

digestion that uses physical factors such as chewing with the teeth

Question 18

Bolus

Answer 18

Round, chewed-up ball of food made in the mouth that makes swallowing easier

Question 19

Oesophagus

Answer 19

part of the digestive system composed of a tube connecting the mouth and pharynx with the stomach

Question 20

Peristalsis

Answer 20

the process of pushing food along the oesophagus or small intestine by the action of muscles

Question 21

Small Intestine

Answer 21

the part of the digestive system between the stomach and large intestine, where much of the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients takes place

Question 22

Abosroption

Answer 22

the taking in of a substance, for example, from the intestine to the surrounding capillaries

Question 23

Villi

Answer 23

Tiny finger-like projections from the wall of the intestine that maximise the surface area of the structure to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption. Singular = villus.

Question 24

Gall Bladder

Answer 24

a small organ that stores and concentrates bile within the body

Question 25

Lipases

Answer 25

enzymes that break fats and oils down into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 26

Amylases

Answer 26

an enzyme in saliva that breaks starch down into sugar

Question 27

Proteases

Answer 27

Enzymes that break proteins down into amino acids

Question 28

Pancreas

Answer 28

a large gland in the body that produces and secretes the hormone insulin and an important digestive fluid containing enzymes

Question 29

Colon

Answer 29

the part of the large intestine where a food mass passes from the small intestine, and where water and other remaining essential nutrients are absorbed into your body

Question 30

Large Intestine

Answer 30

the penultimate part of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from the waste before it is transported out of the body

Question 31

Vitamin D

Answer 31

a nutrient that regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream and promotes the healthy growth and remodelling of bone, along with other functions

Question 32

Cellulose

Answer 32

a natural substance that keeps the cell walls of plants rigid

Question 33

Rectum

Answer 33

the final section of the digestive system, where waste food matter is stored as faeces before being excreted through the anus

Question 34

Anus

Answer 34

the final part of the digestive system, through which faeces are passed as waste

Question 35

Excretion

Answer 35

removal of wastes from the body

Question 36

Skin

Answer 36

external covering of an animal body

Question 37

Lungs

Answer 37

the organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

Question 38

Liver

Answer 38

largest gland in the body. The liver secretes bile for digestion of fats, builds proteins from amino acids, breaks down many substances harmful to the body and has many other essential functions.

Question 39

Kidneys

Answer 39

body organs that filter the blood, removing urea and other wastes

Question 40

Receptors

Answer 40

special cells that detect energy and convert it to electrical energy that is sent to the brain

Question 41

Glucose

Answer 41

a simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar

Question 42

Cellular Respiration

Answer 42

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

Question 43

ATP

Answer 43

adenosine triphosphate: a form of energy released during cellular respiration that provides cells with the energy needed to perform their functions

Question 44

Respiratory System

Answer 44

the body system involving the lungs and associated structures, which take in air and supply the blood with oxygen to deliver to the body’s cells so they can carry out their essential functions; it also performs gas exchange to remove the waste gas carbon dioxide

Question 45

Circulatory System

Answer 45

The body system that circulates oxygen in blood to all the cells of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.

Question 46

Glycogen

Answer 46

the main storage carbohydrate in animals, converted from glucose by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle tissue

Question 47

Glucagon

Answer 47

A hormone, produced by the pancreas, that increases blood glucose levels

Question 48

Insulin

Answer 48

Hormone that removes glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen in the liver and muscles

Question 49

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 49

a medical condition in which the liver cannot effectively convert glucose to glycogen

Question 50

Type 1 Diabeetus

Answer 50

a disease in which the pancreas stops producing insulin. Without insulin, the body’s cells cannot turn glucose (sugar) into energy, and so daily insulin injections are required.

Question 51

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 51

the most common form of diabetes, where the pancreas makes some insulin but does not produce enough. It can often be managed with regular exercise and healthy eating.

Question 52

Glycamic Index

Answer 52

a measure of how quickly a particular food raises the level of blood sugar over a two-hour period