Chapter 3 Study Module Flashcards
Cilia function to __________.
move fluids and secretions across the cell surface
The process of differentiation resulting in the appearance of characteristic cell specializations involves __________.
gene repression (switching off)
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has a variety of functions that center around the synthesis of __________.
lipids and carbohydrates
The nucleoli are organelles within the nucleus that are responsible for __________.
synthesizing ribosomal RNA
The proteins that allow DNA strands to form chromosomes are __________.
histones
Gene repression results in…
cellular differentiation
Membranous organelles differ from nonmembranous organelles in that membranous organelles are __________.
surrounded by lipid membranes that isolate them from the cytosol
A cell that has switched off multiple genes and restricted its ability to perform certain functions is said to be __________.
differentiated
Most of the surface area of the plasma membrane consists of __________.
phospholipids
Structurally, the plasma membrane is best described as a __________.
phospholipid bilayer interspersed with proteins
All of the following are membranous organelles except __________.
microvilli and centrioles
nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus and peroxisomes
mitochondria and lysosomes
microvilli and centrioles
Most of the energy a cell needs to live is generated by the __________.
mitochondria
A typical somatic cell has all of the following parts except __________.
interstitial fluid
Which organelle works with the rough endoplasmic reticulum to secrete proteins out of the cell?
Golgi apparatus
Which organelle absorbs and breaks down fatty acids and other organic compounds?
peroxisome
The cell membrane isolates the cytoplasm from the surrounding fluid environment. Why is this important for cellular communication?
Cytoplasm has a composition different from that of the extracellular fluid, and the differences must be maintained.
The cytoskeleton gives a cell strength and rigidity and anchors the position of major organelles. What are the primary components of the cytoskeleton?
microtubules
Why are lysosomes sometimes called “cellular suicide packets”?
The breakdown of lysosomal membranes can destroy a cell.
The components of the plasma membrane that bind to specific molecules in the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell are the __________.
receptor proteins
The energy-producing process in the mitochondria involves a series of reactions in which __________ is consumed and __________ is generated.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
The form that DNA exhibits when a cell is not dividing is __________.
chromatin
The components of the plasma membrane that can transport solutes through the plasma membrane are __________.
carrier proteins
The effect of diffusion in body fluids is that it tends to __________.
eliminate local concentration gradients
A sequence of three nitrogenous bases can specify the identity of __________.
a single amino acid
Water-soluble ions and molecules cannot enter certain regions of a cell membrane because of __________.
the presence of hydrophobic tails on the interior of the membrane
A codon is defined as __________.
a three-base sequence on mRNA
The process of protein synthesis is called __________.
translation
During osmosis, water will always flow across a membrane toward the solution that has __________.
the higher concentration of solutes
The passive process in which water moves through the plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration is called __________.
osmosis
If the template strand of a gene had a nucleotide sequence of TACCGG, what would the sequence of bases in the mRNA be? If that mRNA were used in translation, what would the anticodons in the tRNA be?
The mRNA sequence is AUGGCC; the tRNA sequence is UACCGG.
All transport through the plasma membrane can be classified as __________.
either active or passive
Red blood cells are hemolyzed when the cells are placed in __________.
a hypotonic solution
The passive process in which a fat-soluble molecule moves through the plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called __________.
simple diffusion
The difference between an area of high concentration of solute and an area of low concentration of solute is known as __________.
a concentration gradient
Which of the following processes produces messenger RNA from the template strand of the DNA?
transcription
A three-base sequence about midway along the sequence of tRNA that can bond to mRNA is called a(n) __________.
anticodon
An injection of a concentrated salt solution into the circulatory system would result in __________.
crenation of the red blood cells
Along the length of the DNA strand, information is stored in the sequence of __________.
nitrogenous bases
DNA is made up of a long series of nucleic acids. A predetermined sequence that contains the information to produce a specific protein is called a __________.
gene
The nucleic acid molecules that actually deliver amino acids to the ribosome where translation occurs are the __________.
transfer RNA molecules
Cells in our body are surrounded by extracellular fluid. A solution in which a cell exists that causes it to remain a normal size and shape is called a(n) __________ .
isotonic solution
A solution that is hypotonic to cytoplasm has __________.
a solute concentration lower than that of the cytoplasm
Which of the following factors influence(s) diffusion rates?
distance, temperature, and molecular size
What is the functional unit of heredity?
gene
Which of the following is one of the great advantages of moving materials by active transport?
The process is not dependent on a concentration gradient
The spreading process of a primary tumor is called __________, and the dispersion of malignant cells to establish a secondary tumor is called __________.
invasion; metastasis
The stage of the cell cycle during which a cell prepares to divide by growing in size is __________.
G1
During which phase of the cell cycle does chromatin coil up tightly and chromosomes become visible?
Prophase
A type of cellular reproduction in which reproductive cells or sex cells are produced is called __________.
meiosis
Ions and other small water-soluble materials cross the plasma membrane only by passing through __________.
a channel
The genetically controlled death of cells is called __________.
apoptosis
The process for bringing large volumes of extracellular material into the cell by forming vesicles at the cell surface is known as __________.
endocytosis
What does the formation of a malignant tumor indicate?
Mitotic rates of cells are no longer responding to the normal control mechanisms.
The process of cytokinesis involves __________.
the even division and redistribution of the proteins and molecules of the cytoplasm
What is the most notable characteristic of the G0 phase of an interphase cell?
The cell is not preparing for mitosis.
Which of the following is an example of phagocytosis in the human body?
Vacuolar digestion of a solvent
Expulsion of a specific volume of blood from the left ventricle
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium
Expulsion of air from the lungs
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium
What is the term for the movement of malignant cells from their site of origin to distant tissues and organs?
metastasis
The Golgi apparatus secretes newly synthesized proteins out of the cell by a process called __________.
exocytosis
Protein channels within the plasma membrane __________.
permit water and ion movement at all times
How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?
Carrier proteins are involved.
What is the term for the movement of a molecule across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using a carrier protein and ATP?
active transport
The replication of DNA occurs primarily during which part of interphase?
S phase
Cytokinesis begins with the indentation of the plasma membrane called the __________.
cleavage furrow
During which stage of cell division are all the chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell?
Metaphase
A type of process that moves chemicals through the plasma membrane following their concentration gradient and using a carrier is called __________.
facilitated diffusion
The four stages of mitosis in correct sequence are __________.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
