Chapter 1 Flashcards
Characteristics of all living things
- Composed of cells
- Complex structural arrangement
- Detect and respond to stimuli
- Maintain a relatively stabile internal environment
- Organisms grow (increase in size) and develop (physical maturation)
- Offspring are produced by reproduction
- Metabolism
Metabolism
All chemical processes occurring in cells.
Anabolic - building up
Catabolic - breaking down
Processes of life
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Circulation
- Excretion
Anatomy
Means “a cutting open”. The study of structure.
Gross anatomy
The study of large structures that are visible with the unaided eye
Microscopic anatomy
Study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Physiology
Study of functions and how organisms perform vital functions
Compare the functioning of the elbow joint with
a door on a hinge
Joint of elbow and the hinges on door both permit back and forth movement
What features are common to forearm
movement at an elbow joint and the opening of
a cell membrane passageway?
The elbow only permits movement in one plane and the cell membrane passageway only permits certain substances. Both act like a hinge in a sense. The elbow joint moves in a single plane, like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge.
Smooth muscle cells
long and slender for contraction
Red blood cells
flattened discs to transport oxygen
and carbon dioxide
Bone cells
maintain bone
Fat cells
spherical for fat storage
Cells lining digestive tract
shaped for absorption
Reproductive
few large oocytes; numerous sperm
Nerve cells
some have extensive branching
providing huge surface area for communication
Cell Theory
Cells are the structural building blocks of plants and animals. Cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells. Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions.
Name and define the unit used to measure
cell size.
Measured in micrometers
Histology
study of tissues
Four primary tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
and Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
covers every exposed body surface
lines digestive, respiratory and urinary tract
surrounds internal cavities
lines blood vessels and heart
most glands are made up of epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
composed of cells and the extracellular matrix
Matrix composed of
protein fibers and ground substances (liquid)
Muscle tissue
has the ability to contract or shorten to create movement
three main types: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
usually attached to one or more bones
Cardiac muscle
found only in the heart, responsible for pumping action
Smooth muscle
found in the walls of most organs ex. blood vessels, glands, respiratory tract
Nervous tissue
specialized for communication
composed of two basic types of cells: neurons and neuroglia
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
nerves connecting cns with other tissues and organs
Receptor (sensor)
sensitive to environmental change
Control center (integration center)
processes information from the receptor and sends out commands
Effector
responds to commands opposing stimulus
Homeostatic control is not precise
maintains normal range around the set point
Feedback
stimulation of a receptor triggers response that changes environment at that receptor
Negative feedback
a process that minimizes change in the body
the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation in the body
Positive feedback
an accelerating cycle that causes rapid change, tends to produce extreme responses, does not restore homeostasis
Positive feedback loop
(self-amplifying) escalating cycle, typically occurs during a dangerous or stressful process must be completed rapidly before the body can restore homeostasis
Blood clotting is
positive feedback
Anatomical position
standing erect, hands at sides, palms facing forward, feet together and facing forward
Superior
above
Inferior
below
Medial
toward the midline
Lateral
away from the midline
Proximal
closer to the point of attachment
Distal
farther from point of attachment
cranial/cephalic
toward the head or superior end
caudal
towards the tail or anterior end
ventral/anterior
towards the torso/front
posterior/dorsal
towards back
sagittal plane
vertically through the body, divides in right and left portions
midsagittal
divides left and right down the midline
parasagittal
divides left and right off midline
frontal/coronal plane
divides anterior from posterior
transverse plane
divides into superior and inferior portions
