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Anatomy > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of all living things

A
  1. Composed of cells
  2. Complex structural arrangement
  3. Detect and respond to stimuli
  4. Maintain a relatively stabile internal environment
  5. Organisms grow (increase in size) and develop (physical maturation)
  6. Offspring are produced by reproduction
  7. Metabolism
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2
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical processes occurring in cells.
Anabolic - building up
Catabolic - breaking down

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3
Q

Processes of life

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Digestion
  3. Circulation
  4. Excretion
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4
Q

Anatomy

A

Means “a cutting open”. The study of structure.

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5
Q

Gross anatomy

A

The study of large structures that are visible with the unaided eye

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6
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification

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7
Q

Physiology

A

Study of functions and how organisms perform vital functions

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8
Q

Compare the functioning of the elbow joint with

a door on a hinge

A

Joint of elbow and the hinges on door both permit back and forth movement

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9
Q

What features are common to forearm
movement at an elbow joint and the opening of
a cell membrane passageway?

A

The elbow only permits movement in one plane and the cell membrane passageway only permits certain substances. Both act like a hinge in a sense. The elbow joint moves in a single plane, like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge.

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10
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

long and slender for contraction

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11
Q

Red blood cells

A

flattened discs to transport oxygen

and carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Bone cells

A

maintain bone

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13
Q

Fat cells

A

spherical for fat storage

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14
Q

Cells lining digestive tract

A

shaped for absorption

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15
Q

Reproductive

A

few large oocytes; numerous sperm

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16
Q

Nerve cells

A

some have extensive branching

providing huge surface area for communication

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17
Q

Cell Theory

A

Cells are the structural building blocks of plants and animals. Cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells. Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions.

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18
Q

Name and define the unit used to measure

cell size.

A

Measured in micrometers

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19
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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20
Q

Four primary tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
and Nervous tissue

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21
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers every exposed body surface
lines digestive, respiratory and urinary tract
surrounds internal cavities
lines blood vessels and heart
most glands are made up of epithelial tissue

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22
Q

Connective tissue

A

composed of cells and the extracellular matrix

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23
Q

Matrix composed of

A

protein fibers and ground substances (liquid)

24
Q

Muscle tissue

A

has the ability to contract or shorten to create movement

three main types: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle tissue

25
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

usually attached to one or more bones

26
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart, responsible for pumping action

27
Q

Smooth muscle

A

found in the walls of most organs ex. blood vessels, glands, respiratory tract

28
Q

Nervous tissue

A

specialized for communication

composed of two basic types of cells: neurons and neuroglia

29
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

30
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

nerves connecting cns with other tissues and organs

31
Q

Receptor (sensor)

A

sensitive to environmental change

32
Q

Control center (integration center)

A

processes information from the receptor and sends out commands

33
Q

Effector

A

responds to commands opposing stimulus

34
Q

Homeostatic control is not precise

A

maintains normal range around the set point

35
Q

Feedback

A

stimulation of a receptor triggers response that changes environment at that receptor

36
Q

Negative feedback

A

a process that minimizes change in the body

the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation in the body

37
Q

Positive feedback

A

an accelerating cycle that causes rapid change, tends to produce extreme responses, does not restore homeostasis

38
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

(self-amplifying) escalating cycle, typically occurs during a dangerous or stressful process must be completed rapidly before the body can restore homeostasis

39
Q

Blood clotting is

A

positive feedback

40
Q

Anatomical position

A

standing erect, hands at sides, palms facing forward, feet together and facing forward

41
Q

Superior

A

above

42
Q

Inferior

A

below

43
Q

Medial

A

toward the midline

44
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline

45
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the point of attachment

46
Q

Distal

A

farther from point of attachment

47
Q

cranial/cephalic

A

toward the head or superior end

48
Q

caudal

A

towards the tail or anterior end

49
Q

ventral/anterior

A

towards the torso/front

50
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

towards back

51
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertically through the body, divides in right and left portions

52
Q

midsagittal

A

divides left and right down the midline

53
Q

parasagittal

A

divides left and right off midline

54
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

divides anterior from posterior

55
Q

transverse plane

A

divides into superior and inferior portions

Anatomy (34 decks)

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