Chapter 2 Powerpoint Flashcards
Define an atom and have a basic understanding of its subatomic particles
An atom is the smallest stable unit of matter.
Composed of Protons (p+), Neutrons (n), and Electrons (e[)
How does atomic structure affects the mass number and atomic weight of the chemical elements?
Mass number is equal to the number of protons and neutrons.
Atomic weight accounts for the fact that an element is a mixture of isotopes.
What is the relationship between electrons and energy levels?
The first level holds two electrons, levels two and three hold 8 electrons.
Atoms will react in ways that fill their valence shells with a stable number of electrons.
What are the ways in which atoms combine to form molecules and compounds?
Atoms combine to create ionic or covalent bonds.
What are the three states of matter?
solid, liquid, gas
What is the importance of hydrogen bonds in liquid water?
hydrogen bonds can change shape of molecules or pull molecules together, allowing water to exist as a solid, liquid, or gas
Define Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions inside of our body
Define work, kinetic energy, and potential energy.
work - movement of an object or change in physical structure of matter
kinetic energy- energy of motion
potential energy- stored energy
Distinguish among the major types of chemical reactions important to physiology
A chemical reaction is a process in which a chemical bond is formed or broken.
Reactants - participants at the start of the reaction (left)
Products - generated at end of the reaction (right)
What is the crucial role of enzymes in metabolism?
they lower the activation energy requirements of chemical reactions
promote chemical reactions, function as catalysts (accelerate chemical reaction), allow reactions to proceed under conditions compatible with life
What are the four properties of water and their significance in the body?
lubricant, chemical reactant, high heat capacity, and solvent
How do the chemical properties of water affect the solubility of organic and inorganic molecules?
both inorganic and organic molecules dissolve in water
hydrophilic - dissolve in water
hydrophobic - nonpolar, do not dissolve in water
pH
Measure of H+ concentration in bodily fluids
What is the role of buffers in body fluids?
helps to maintain normal pH of bodily fluids
Structures and functions of carbohydrates
hydrophilic, energy use and storage
Structures and functions of lipids
hydrophobic, chemical messengers and components of cellular structures
help form and maintain outer cell membrane and intracellular membranes
Protein structure and essential functions within the body
How do enzymes function within the body?
enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions
What is the structure and function of high-energy compounds?
DNA vs RNA
Protons
Positive electrical charge
Neutrons
electrically neutral
Electrons
negative electrical charge
much smaller than protons or neutrons
Ionic bond
transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another to achieve stability
Covalent bond
sharing of electrons between atoms that forms molecules
Molecules
chemical structure consisting of one or more elements held together by covalent bonds
Single covalent bond
share one pair of electrons
Double covalent bond
shares two pairs of electrons
Decomposition reaction
breaks a molecule into smaller fragments
Hydrolysis (decomposition)
decomposition reaction that involves water
Catabolism (decomposition)
collective term for decomposition reactions in the body
refers to breaking covalent bonds (form of potential energy)
Synthesis reactions
opposite of decomposition, assembles smaller molecules into larger molecules
always involves formation of new chemical bonds
Dehydration synthesis (condensation)
formation of complex molecule by removing a water molecule
Anabolism
refers to forming new chemical bonds
collective term for synthesis reactions
Solvent
the liquid in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are distributed
Solute
the dissolving substance
Solution
a uniform mixture of two or more substances
Acidic pH
below 7
Neutral pH
equal to 7
Alkaline (basic)
above 7
Monosaccharides
simple sugar composed of three to seven carbon atoms
