Chapter 1 Study Module Flashcards
Damage at the cellular, tissue, or organ level often affects the entire system. This supports the view that __________.
each level is dependent on the others
In negative feedback control of body temperature, the sweat glands and blood vessels of the skin are examples of______
Effector organs
In the middle of winter, we need to stay warm. In regulating the temperature in your home, the thermostat plays which part of the control system
Control Center
In a homeostatic system, blood clotting is an example of ____
Positive feedback
Which statement best describes how a negative feedback system works?
In negative feedback, the response of the body negates or counteracts a disruption of homeostasis.
The mechanism by which the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus is most specifically called __________.
Positive feedback
In homeostatic regulation of the body’s internal environment, which of the following statements is most accurate?
In the human population, there is a wide range of normal set point values.
Which of the following homeostatic regulatory mechanisms involves a response to a stimulus that reverses or negates the stimulus?
Negative feedback
Which of the following is the correct sequence in which the parts of a homeostatic control mechanism operate?
Receptor; control center; effector
“Homeostasis” refers to __________.
the existence of a stable internal environment
Multiple body systems work together to maintain homeostasis in our bodies. Which of the following body systems is not involved in concentrating wastes?
Digestive system,
Urinary system,
Integumentary system,
or Cardiovascular system,
Integumentary system
Medical terminology is based heavily on which languages?
Greek and Latin
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body. What is the term that defines the targeted value to be maintained?
Set point
Which part of a homeostatic control system receives information about a change in the body, processes that information, and sends out commands to correct the change?
Control center
What is the role of the effector in homeostatic regulation?
To respond to the commands of the control center
Multiple body systems work together to maintain homeostasis in our bodies. Which of the following body systems is not involved in maintaining blood pressure?
Nervous system,
Cardiovascular system,
Digestive system,
or Endocrine system
Digestive system
If the temperature of the body rises above 37°C (about 99°F), negative feedback is triggered to __________.
increase heat loss through enhanced blood flow to the skin and sweating
Which of the following statements is not accurate in describing the set point and the normal range of homeostatic regulation?
There can be some fluctuation around the set point and the body will compensate for it.
The set point is a precise value of bodily function that must be maintained perfectly or the body immediately suffers.
In some cases, the body will tolerate wide fluctuations in the normal range and can still compensate without disruption of function.
The narrower the normal range is, the closer the regulation must be to avoid disruption of bodily function.
The set point is a precise value of bodily function that must be maintained perfectly or the body immediately suffers.
What is the term for the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in an organism?
Homeostasis
Which of the following statements best characterizes positive feedback control of homeostasis?
In positive feedback, the response of the body enhances the original change in homeostasis.
Most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms involve positive feedback.
In positive feedback, the response of the body always causes a decrease in the original stimulus.
In positive feedback, the response of the body positively corrects the change in homeostasis.
In positive feedback, the response of the body enhances the original change in homeostasis.
The mechanism by which a stimulus outside normal limits triggers a response that opposes or negates the stimulus is called __________.
negative feedback
The state in which opposing processes or forces are in balance is called __________.
equilibrium
In the homeostatic regulation of body temperature, which of the following is the control center?
Temperature sensors in the hypothalamus of the brain
Temperature sensors in the skin
Sweat glands
The thermoregulatory center in the brain
The thermoregulatory center in the brain
Which part of the homeostatic control system detects changes in the internal environment?
Receptor
The term which describes organs that are situated between the peritoneum and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity is __________.
retroperitoneal
The subdivisions of the thoracic body cavity are the
pleural and pericardial cavities
What is the name of the serous membrane that covers the surface of the heart?
Visceral pericardium
The external genitals of a human are located in the pubic region of the body. Another name for the pubic region is the __________ region.
hypogastric
Making a sagittal section results in the separation of __________.
Right/Left portions of the body
Which of the choices contains the sequence of anatomical directions equivalent to ventral, posterior, superior, inferior?
anterior, dorsal, cephalic, caudal
What is the name for the space above the diaphragm, between the lungs, filled with a mass of connective tissue supporting the esophagus, trachea, and thymus, as well as some blood vessels?
Mediastinum
In what body cavity would you find the liver?
Abdominal
In which quadrant would you find the liver?
Right upper
Moving along the surface of the skin from the wrist toward the elbow is an example of moving in a __________ direction.
Proximal
In anatomical position, the head is __________ to the chest.
Superior
The stomach is located in the __________ cavity.
abdominal
Which sectional planes of the body could show parts of both lungs and the heart?
Transverse and frontal
The heart and the lungs are located in the __________ cavity.
thoracic
Fill in the correct directional term to complete the following sentence. The heart is __________ to the lungs.
medial
The skin is __________ to the muscles.
superficial
In which body cavity are the female reproductive organs located?
Pelvic cavity
The two subdivisions of the ventral body cavity are the __________.
thoracic and abdominopelvic
Anatomical landmarks are often used as part of the name of a structure to show where that structure is located in the body. What area of the body does the term brachium refer to?
arm
The knee is proximal to the __________.
foot
What is the common name for the antebrachium?
forearm
The anatomical landmark that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity is the __________.
diaphragm
In descriptions of the superficial anatomy of the human body, the neck is the __________ region.
cervical
The ventral body cavity is divided by a flat muscular sheet called the __________.
diaphragm
Anatomical position
Standing erect, face forward (anteriorly), arms at
side, palms anterior facing
Lying face up in supine position
What is the term meaning “cutting open” that denotes the study of the structure of internal and external features of the body and how they relate to each other?
anatomy
Which organ system includes the stomach, liver, and small intestine and processes, digests, and absorbs nutrients from food?
digestive system
Beginning with chemicals and proceeding through increasing levels of complexity, the correct sequence is __________.
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
The smallest living units in the body are __________.
cells
Histology is the study of __________.
tissues
The level of organization that reflects the interactions between organ systems is the __________.
organism
What is the term for the study of how living organisms perform their functions?
physiology
In complex organisms such as human beings, cells unite to form __________.
tissues
Anatomy is the study of __________, and physiology is the study of __________.
structure; function
The study of the structure of muscle tissue is an example of __________.
histology
Which organ system is responsible for the support and protection of organs and tissues and includes bones and cartilage?
skeletal system
Which of the following levels of organization is the smallest and simplest?
chemical level
The study of the function of the stomach is an example of __________.
organ physiology
Heat production is a major function of the __________ system.
muscular
The organ system responsible for the internal distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide is the __________.
cardiovascular system
The two regulatory systems in the human body are the __________.
nervous and endocrine systems
______ are the smallest stable units of matter.
atoms
General storage of specific substances is one of the functions of which cell type(s)?
bone cells and fat cells
What type of physiological response typically results from positive feedback loop mechanisms?
extreme (exaggerated) responses
The loin is located in which region of the body?
lumbar
The appendix is located in which abdominopelvic region?
hypogastric region
Responsiveness, adaptability, growth, reproduction, and locomotion are active processes that require
energy
____ is required for survival in a constantly changing world.
adaptability
A physiologist looking at the heart focuses on its
_____ properties.
functional
Form and function are interrelated in that
_____ mechanisms can be fully understood only in terms of the underlying structural relationships.
Physiological
The estimated 200 different cell types of the human body show remarkable
_____ in appearance and function.
diversity
_____ is the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation
negative feedback
A person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be ____ when face up, and prone when face down.
supine
A _____ section, which is a cut parallel to but not on the midline, separates the body into unequal right and left portions.
parasagittal
The kidneys and pancreas, which lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity, are said to be
retroperitoneal
