Chapter 3: Solutions and on Flashcards
Substance into which another substance is dissolved generally a fluid
Solvent
Substance which is dissolved into another generally solids and gases
Solute
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
Passive(physical) Processes
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transcytosis
Active(physiological) Processes
No energy needed no ATP required
Down a concentration gradient from high to low concentration
Facilitated diffusion requires use of protein carrier/transport molecules
Passive transport
Requires the use of energy in the form of ATP
Against a gradient from low to high concentration
Some types require the use of protein Carrier/transport molecules
Active transport
What are the 5 factors that influence diffusion rates
Distance Molecule size Temperature Gradient size Electrical forces
What is diffusion across a membrane with the help of the channel or carrier molecule
facilitated Diffusion
What is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
Osmosis
Water moves towards a ____________ concentration of solutes
Higher
Total solute concentration in an aqueous solution
Osmolarity
Effect of osmosis solutions on cell volume
Tonicity
The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semi permeable membrane separating two solutions with a different concentrations of solute
Osmotic pressure
Osmotic Pressure ____________ as the concentration of non-permeable solutes ____________
Increases
Increases
Same osmotic pressure
Isotonic
Higher osmotic pressure
Hypertonic
Lower osmotic pressure
Hypotonic
Smaller molecules are forced through porous membrane’s
Hydrostatic pressure important in the body
Example molecules leaving blood capillaries
Filtration
Substances move up there concentration gradient through phospholipid Byler
Active transport
Cell engulfs substance by forming vesicle around substance
Endocytosis
What are the three types of endocytosis and what do they mean
Pinocytosis – substance is mostly water
Phagocytosis – substance is a solid
Receptor mediated endocytosis – requires the substance to bind to a membrane bound receptor
Substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane
Contents released outside the cell
Example release of neurotransmitter from nerve cells
Exocytosis
Sequence of nucleotides
Genetic code
Three nucleotides specify single amino acid
Condon
Functional unit of heredity
All the DNA nucleotides need to produce a specific protein
Size varies( 300-3000 nucleotides)
Gene
Steps of protein synthesis
Given strand of DNA is a nucleus
Transcription
Translation
Repeats until you get a protein
mRNA Does from ribosome to nucleus to make complementary copy
Transcription
Back at ribosome tRNA Via anti-codons converts mRNA into amino acid sequence
Translation
Series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides
Cell cycle
Stages of the cell cycle
Interphase
mitosis
cytoplasmic division
Very active period
Cell grows and maintains routine functions
Cell replicates genetic material preparing for nuclear division
Cell synthesizes new organelles preparing for cytoplasmic division
Phases G & S
Interphase
So gross and synthesize the structures other than DNA
G phases
Cell replicates DNA
S phase
Produces two daughter cells from Anna original somatic cell
Nucleus divides –karyokinesis
Cytoplasm divides – cytokinesis
Undergoes four stages called prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase
Mitosis
Chromosomes form being becoming visible: envelope disappears
Prophase
Chromosomes align slightly midway between centrioles
Metaphase
Chromosomes separate and move to centrioles
Anaphase
Chromatin reforms; nuclear envelope forms
Telophase
Permanent DNA sequence changes
Mutations
Remain in original tissue
Benign
Accelerated growth due to blood vessel growth and supply to the area
Malignant
Cells migrating to nearby tissues
Invasion
Formation of secondary tumor’s
Metastasis
