Chapter 2 Flashcards
Composed of chemically identical atoms
Elements
Smallest particle of an element
Atom
Particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combined
Molecule
Particle for and when two or more Adams of different elements chemically combined
Compound
Depict the elements present in the number of each Atom present in the molecule
Molecular formulas
Number of protons or electrons
Atomic number
Number of protons plus the number of neutrons
Mass number
Which bond is the sharing of electrons between atoms
Covalent bond
Kind of Molecules that has no electrical charge on the molecule and electrons shared equally between atoms
Nonpolar molecule
Kind of molecule that is unequally sharing electrons between atoms and has a slight electrical charge on the molecule
Polar molecule
Is water polar or nonpolar
Polar
What are the characteristics of a hydrogen bond
Attracts small polar charges on hydrogen atoms to negative charges on other polar molecules
It can change shape of molecules or pull molecules together
Produces surface tension
Weak
What is a ionic bond
The transfer of electrons
An atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable and an electrically charged atom
Ion
A positively charged ion
Formed when an atom loses electrons
Cation
A negatively charged ion that is formed when an atom gains electrons
Anion
All the Cellular reactions of the body at a given moment
Metabolism
What type of chemical reaction breaks A molecule into smaller components
Decomposition
What kind of reaction is the combining of atoms or smaller molecules into larger molecules
Synthesis
In What kind of reaction is Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed
Exchange reaction
The type of reaction in which the products can change back into the reactants
Reversible reaction
True or false each substrate is the product of the previous reaction
True
How are enzymes named
They reflect the substrate
they have the suffix ASE
What is required for most chemical reactions to activate the reactants
Energy
Amount of energy to start a reaction
Activation energy
Special proteins that lower the activation energy for the reaction
Enzyme
Compounds that speed up reactions without changing themselves
Catalysts
What facilitates most everything that occurs inside the body
Enzymes
What makes a compound organic
Carbon
What are the characteristics of cofactors
Make some enzymes active
non-protein component
may be in organic or organic
What are examples of coenzymes
Organic cofactors or vitamins
What are factors that alter enzymes
Heat radiation electricity chemicals and changes in pH
Inorganic molecules are usually longer then organic molecules
False organic molecules are larger than in organic molecules
Which type of molecule dissolves in water and organic liquids
Organic molecules
Which type of molecule usually dissociates in water forming ions
Inorganic molecules
What are the properties of water
Solubility reactivity high heat capacity lubrication
What are substances that release ions in water
Electrolytes
What are electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water
Acids
What are substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions
Bases
Electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base
Salt
What numbers represent acid? Base?
1 through 6 and 8 through 14
What is the word that also means basic
Alkaline
What are the characteristics of a buffer
Resist changes in pH
neutralizes either strong acid or base
Characteristics of carbohydrates
Provide energy to cells
supply materials to build cell structures water soluble
contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen
generally have a ratio of 2:1 in hydrogen and oxygen
What are the characteristics of a lipid
Organic Soluble in organic substances Insoluble in water Contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen Carbon to hydrogen ratio near 1:2
What is primarily used for energy and the most common lipid in the body
Fats
What are the characteristics of steroids
Form connected rings of carbon
widely distributed in the body component of cell membrane used to synthesize hormones
example: cholesterol
Characteristics of proteins
Most abundant organic molecule in the body
account for 20% of total body weight contain carbon oxygen hydrogen and and nitrogen consist of long chains of amino acids
Characteristics of nucleic acids
Large organic molecules
composed of carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and phosphorus
Stores and transfers information
consisted of two long chains formed from dehydration synthesis of nucleotides
What are the two classes of nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA
Or ribonucleic acid RNA
What are the three nucleotide components
Nitrogenous base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
What is a hydrolysis reaction
The breakage of a chemical bond through the addition of a water molecule
Enzymes do what to activation energy
They lower it
Freely associating with water readily entering into a solution water loving
Hydrophilic
Incapable of freely associating with water molecules insoluble water fearing
Hydrophobic
PH is a measure of what ion concentration
H+
Is blood more alkaline/basic or acidic
Alkaline
What are the bulk elements
Oxygen hydrogen carbon and nitrogen
What is the temporary or permanent change in the three-dimensional structure of a protein
Denaturation
What are the seven functions of proteins
Support movement transport buffering metabolic regulation coordination and control defense
